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5 0 ( W in te r 2 0 1 4 ): 1 2 1 -1 4 0
T H E
JO U R N A L
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A M E R IC A N
F O R E N S IC
A S S O C IA T IO N
ARGUMENTATION
■ ■ ■ ■ A N D ADVOCACY
NOT JUST A PLACE TO PARK YOUR CAR:
PARK(ING) AS SPATIAL ARGUMENT
D a n ie lle E n d re s , S a m a n th a S e n d a -C o o k , a n d B ria n C o z e n
In 2005, an art installation transformed a leased parking space into a temporary park. When the image
disseminated online, it sparked a global movement to rethink urban space. The PARK(ing) Day movement
enacts a spatial argument at the intersection o f localized PARK(ing) installations in particular places and the
dissemination o f the concept ofPA RK (ing) Day in online spaces. We show how residual traces o f temporary
installations exist in online spaces that shape the broad dissemination and development o f this movement and
its message, which then influence the construction ofPA RK (ing) installations. In exploring this play between
place and space, endurance and ephemerality, we highlight how the movement constrains and enables the
tactical deployment o f PARK(ing) installations as spatial arguments.
K eyW ord s:
P la c e /S p a c e , S p a tia l A r g u m e n t, P la c e in P r o te s t, S o c ia l M o v e m e n ts , P A R K (in g ) D a y
“Providing temporary public open space ... one parking spot at a time. ”
- P A R K ( i n g ) D a y *1
M e t e r e d p a r k i n g s p a c e s a r e a v a l u a b l e c o m m o d i t y i n m o s t c itie s . C a r d r i v e r s v i e f o r a
p re c io u s p a rk in g s p o t in b u s y u r b a n c e n te rs . C a rs m o v e in a n d o u t o f th e s e p a rk in g sp a c e s
in to
s e e m in g ly e n d le s s flo w s o f tr a f f ic a n d c o n g e s t i o n . B u t is i t p o s s ib l e t o r e i n v e n t t h e
m e t e r e d p a r k in g s p a c e ? M ig h t th e s p a c e b e u s e d f o r a p u r p o s e o t h e r t h a n p a r k in g a c a r? Is
it p o s s ib le to r e im a g in e a n u r b a n p a r k in g s p a c e a s a t e m p o r a r y c ity p a r k ? R e b a r , a S a n
F r a n c is c o in te r d is c ip lin a r y s tu d io w o r k in g a t th e in te r s e c tio n o f a rt, d e s ig n , a n d e c o lo g y to
e n g a g e in “ c r e a tiv e r e p u r p o s in g o f f a m ilia r e le m e n ts to p r o d u c e n e w m e a n in g ” ( M e r k e r,
2 0 1 0 , p . 5 1 ) , d i d j u s t t h a t . I n t h e s p i r i t o f T h e S i t u a t i o n i s t I n t e r n a t i o n a l ’s “ i n c l i n a t i o n t o
tr a n s g r e s s th e b o u n d a r ie s f o u n d in c u ltu r e a n d c itie s ” ( S a d le r , 1 9 9 8 , p . 4 4 ), R e b a r c r e a te d th e
2 0 0 5 p e r f o r m a n c e in s ta lla tio n ,
PARK(ing).
N o tin g h o w p a rk in g sp a c e s in S a n F ra n c is c o a re
n o t e x p lic itly r e s e r v e d f o r p r iv a te v e h ic le s , th e g r o u p le a s e d a p a r k in g s p o t, r o lle d o u t s o d ,
e r e c t e d a p o t t e d t r e e , a n d p u t d o w n a b e n c h f o r p a s s e r s b y t o s t o p a n d s it. R e b a r d e s c r i b e d
it a s a “t e m p o r a r y p u b lic p a r k t h a t p r o v id e d n a tu r e , s e a tin g , a n d s h a d e . . . t h e r e b y te m p o -
Danielle Endres, Department o f Communication, University o f Utah; Samantha Senda-Cook, Department o f Communication
Studies, Creighton University; Brian Cozen, Department o f Communication, University o f Utah. An earlier draft o f the manuscript
was presented at the National Communication Association conference in 2012. The authors would like to thank the editor and
reviewers for their helpful feedback. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Danielle Endres, Department o f
Communication, University o f Utah, 255 S Central Campus Dr., 2400 LNCO, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112-0491. E-mail:
danielle.endres@utah.edu.
1 R e b a r G r o u p , I n c ., 2 0 1 2 a , n .p .
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F i g u r e 1. T h e f ir s t P A R K ( i n g ) I n s t a l l a t i o n i n 2 0 0 5 ( R e b a r G r o u p , I n c . , 2 0 1 2 a ) .
r a r i l y e x p a n d i n g t h e p u b l i c r e a l m a n d i m p r o v i n g t h e q u a li t y o f u r b a n h u m a n h a b i t a t , a t l e a s t
u n til th e m e t e r r a n o u t ” ( R e b a r G r o u p , I n c ., 2 0 1 0 , p a r a 3 - 4 ) .
F o l l o w i n g t h e in i t i a l i n s t a l l a t i o n , t h e i m a g e o f a p a r k o d d l y s it t i n g i n a p a r k i n g s p a c e i n S a n
F r a n c i s c o (s e e F i g u r e 1) b e c a m e a n i m a g e e v e n t ( D e L u c a , 1 9 9 9 a ) t h a t q u i c k l y d i s s e m i n a t e d
in th e p u b lic s c r e e n ( D e L u c a & P e e p le s , 2 0 0 2 ). C o - o r g a n iz e r B la in e M e r k e r (2 0 1 0 ) e x
p l a i n e d , “ T h e c o m b i n a t i o n o f t h e i c o n i c i m a g e o f p a r k i n g - s p a c e - a s - p a r k a n d its a c c o m p a
n y i n g d e s c r i p t i v e n a m e c r e a t e d a ‘s ti c k y ’ i d e a t h a t t r a n s m i t t e d r e a d i l y a c r o s s e l e c t r o n i c
m e d i a ” (p . 4 6 ) . E v e n t u a l l y p e o p l e f r o m a ll o v e r t h e w o r l d c o n t a c t e d R e b a r t o f i n d o u t h o w
to s ta g e s u c h a n e v e n t. I n 2 0 0 6 , R e b a r p ic k e d a d a y a s “P A R K (in g ) D a y ” a n d e n c o u r a g e d
p e o p l e t o m a k e t h e i r o w n c r e a t i v e , a r t i s t ic , t a c t i l e a n d p e r f o r m a t i v e P A R K ( i n g ) i n s t a l l a ti o n s
o n t h a t d a y t o r a i s e a w a r e n e s s o f a v a r i e t y o f i s s u e s a n d c a u s e s f a c i n g u r b a n d w e l le r s ( S tu a r t,
2 0 0 6 ) . I n t h e y e a r s s in c e , P A R K ( i n g ) D a y h a s b e c o m e a n i n t e r n a t i o n a l m o v e m e n t t h a t t a k e s
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E N D R E S, E T AL.
p la c e a n n u a lly o n th e th ir d F r id a y o f S e p te m b e r “w ith o r g a n iz a tio n s a n d in d iv id u a ls ( o p e r
a ti n g i n d e p e n d e n t l y o f R e b a r b u t f o l lo w i n g a n e s t a b l i s h e d s e t o f g u i d e l in e s ) c r e a t i n g n e w
f o rm s o f t e m p o r a r y p u b lic s p a c e in u r b a n c o n te x ts a r o u n d th e w o r ld ” ( R e b a r G r o u p , I n c .,
2 0 1 2 a , p a r a . 1). T h e l a t e s t n u m b e r s p o s t e d o n t h e P A R K ( i n g ) D a y w e b s i t e r e v e a l t h a t t h e
2011
P A R K (in g ) D a y in c lu d e d 9 5 7 p a r k s in
1 6 2 c itie s , in 3 5 c o u n tr ie s , a n d
a c r o s s s ix
c o n t i n e n t s ( R e b a r G r o u p , I n c . , 2 0 1 2 d ) . 2 H o w e v e r , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e o r g a n i z e r s , q u a l i t y is
m o r e i m p o r t a n t t h a n q u a n t i t y . T h e y a c k n o w l e d g e t h a t a h i g h n u m b e r o f P A R K s is g o o d , b u t
c o u n t e r t h a t , “ h a v i n g g r e a t P A R K s is e v e n b e t t e r ; P A R K s t h a t p r o p o s e a n a l t e r n a t e v i s i o n f o r
th e u s e o f u r b a n s p a c e , P A R K s t h a t c o n v in c e o t h e r s to j o i n th e c a u s e , P A R K s t h a t c h a n g e
m i n d s , P A R K s t h a t m a k e y o u s m i l e ” ( R e b a r G r o u p , I n c . , 2 0 1 2 e , p a r a . 1). P A R K ( i n g ) is a
p la y fu l s u b v e r s io n o f th e e n d u r i n g n o r m a liz e d s p a tia l p r a c tic e s o f th e b u ilt u r b a n e n v i r o n
m e n t , a s p a tia l m e m e f o r u s e rs to r e th in k a n d r e c r e a te t h e i r o w n p u b lic u r b a n s p a c e s .
W h i l e t h e r e a r e m a n y w a y s t o e n g a g e w i t h t h e P A R K ( i n g ) m o v e m e n t ’s e x p e r i m e n t s i n
r e p r e s e n tin g w h a t a lte r n a tiv e u r b a n i t y m ig h t lo o k lik e in c l u d in g th e a e s th e tic , e m b o d i e d ,
a n d p e r f o r m a tiv e n a tu r e o f th e P A R K (in g ) in s ta lla tio n s ,3 w e a r e p a r tic u l a r ly in te r e s te d in
h o w th e m o v e m e n t u s e s p la c e a n d s p a c e to m a k e a r g u m e n ts . P A R K (in g ) in s ta lla tio n s a n d th e
la r g e r m o v e m e n t a re n o n - v e r b a l s p a tia l a r g u m e n ts t h a t p u t f o r w a r d a n a lte r n a tiv e v is io n o f
u r b a n s p a c e . T h e in s ta lla tio n s th e m s e lv e s m a k e a n a r g u m e n t t h a t p a r k i n g s p a c e s c a n b e u s e d
f o r th in g s o th e r t h a n c a rs . T h e in s ta lla tio n s s e rv e a s e x a m p l e s o f th e d if f e r e n t u s e s t h a t a re
p o s s i b l e . T h e y r e l y o n t h e t a c t ic a l r e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f p l a c e t o a r g u e f o r t h e s e p o s s ib i li ti e s .
P A R K ( i n g ) i n s t a l l a t i o n s a r e a n e x a m p l e o f w h a t E n d r e s a n d S e n d a - C o o k ( 2 0 1 1 ) c a ll
protest,
place in
a h e u ris tic th a t d e s c rib e s h o w d e sp ite n o rm a liz e d u n d e rs ta n d in g s , p la c e s /s p a c e s a re
s it e s o f c o n t e s t a t i o n , o r p r o t e s t , w h e r e i n t h e p r a c t i c e d n o r m s a r e c o n s t a n d y b e i n g c h a l l e n g e d
o r r e i n f o r c e d .4 P A R K (in g ) in s ta lla tio n s a r e t e m p o r a r y p la c e s in p r o te s t, o r t e m p o r a r y ta c tic a l
d is r u p tio n s o f n o r m a l iz e d s p a tia l p r a c tic e s t h a t s e e k to s p u r c h a n g e i n t h in k in g a b o u t u r b a n
p l a n n in g , a u to m o b ility , a n d p u b lic s p a c e . Y e t, b e y o n d th e p a r t ic u la r P A R K (in g ) in s ta lla
t i o n s , P A R K ( i n g ) D a y is a n i n t e r n a t i o n a l m o v e m e n t t h a t is s u s t a i n e d t h e o t h e r 3 6 4 d a y s o f
th e y e a r in th e r e s i d u a l tra c e s o f p a r ti c u la r in s ta lla tio n s t h a t a r e a r c h iv e d a n d d i s s e m in a te d
t h r o u g h p h o t o s , v id e o s , w e b s i te s , w r i t t e n a c c o u n t s , a n d o t h e r f o r m s o f d o c u m e n t a t i o n . T h e
P A R K (in g ) D a y w e b s ite s e rv e s a s a c e n tr a liz e d n o d e fo r a r c h iv in g a n d d is s e m in a tin g th e id e a
o f P A R K (in g ).
I n th is e s s a y w e e x a m in e P A R K (in g ) in s ta lla tio n s a n d P A R K (in g ) D a y a s f o rm s o f s p a tia l
a r g u m e n t . P A R K ( i n g ) D a y is a s p a t i a l a r g u m e n t t h a t r e v e a l s t h e p r o c e s s u a l n a t u r e o f t h e b u i l t
e n v ir o n m e n t a n d p r a c tic e s in s p a c e . I t h ig h lig h ts h o w p la c e , e v e n if it h a s a r e la tiv e ly s ta b le
n o r m a liz e d m e a n in g , is a lw a y s in p r o c e s s a n d th e r e f o r e a lw a y s s u b je c t to a lte r n a tiv e a r g u
m e n ts . W h ile p a r k i n g s p o ts m a y s e e m to b e o r d in a r y a n d r e la tiv e ly d u r a b le fix tu re s in m a n y
la r g e c itie s , th e y o n ly s e e m t h a t w a y b e c a u s e o f th e r e p e a te d p r a c tic e s t h a t n o r m a liz e th e i r
m e a n i n g . I t is o n l y i n t e m p o r a r y m o m e n t s o f t r a n s g r e s s i o n a n d r e s i s t a n c e l i k e P A R K ( i n g )
t h a t w e s e e fis s u re s in th e s e s p a c e s . P A R K ( in g ) a n d o th e r tr a n s g r e s s io n s o f s p a c e r e v e a l h o w
2 A t th e tim e o f w r itin g , th e P A R K (in g ) D a y w e b s ite d o e s n o t in c lu d e t h e s ta tis tic s f o r 2 0 1 2 , 2 0 1 3 , o r 2 0 1 4 .
3 T h e p e r f o r m a t i v e a n d a e s t h e t i c o p p o r t u n i t i e s w i t h P A R K ( i n g ) i n s t a l l a t i o n s c a r r y o n a l o n g t r a d i t i o n o f u s i n g a r t,
ta c tile e n g a g e m e n t, b e a u ty , a n d p le a s u r e to c h a lle n g e d o m in a n t s o c ia l n o r m s . T h e r e in t e r p r e t a t i o n o f s p a c e s in v ite s
th is k i n d o f e x p r e s s io n . P A R K (in g ) is b o t h a n a r g u m e n ta tiv e v is io n a n d a n e m b o d i e d a ffe c t. T h e ta c tile , a e s th e tic
s e n s e o f th e s e in s ta lla tio n s is a k e y a s p e c t o f th e r h e to r ic a l fu n c tio n o f th e s e p e r f o r m a n c e s . F o r a s e rie s o f e s s a y s th a t
h a v e a tt e m p t e d th is d if f ic u lt y e t f r u itf u l b r i d g e b e tw e e n r h e to r ic a n d p e r f o r m a n c e , s e e G e n c a r e ll a a n d P e z z u ll o (2 0 1 0 ).
4 A l t h o u g h E n d r e s a n d S e n d a - C o o k ’s ( 2 0 1 1 ) e s s a y u s e s p l a c e i n p r o t e s t t o e x a m i n e s o c i a l m o v e m e n t p r o t e s t s , t h e
c o n c e p t its e lf m o r e b r o a d ly a p p lie s to a n y ty p e o f d is s e n t a g a in s t n o r m a liz e d p r a c tic e s in a p la c e . P la c e in p r o te s t t h e n
is a s ta te in w h ic h th e r e a r e c h a lle n g e s to th e m e a n in g o f p la c e w h e t h e r o r n o t th o s e c h a lle n g e s a r e s p e c if ic a lly d e f in e d
a s p r o te s t.
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p la c e s/s p a c e s a re c o n s ta n tly b e in g (re )m a d e th ro u g h a rg u m e n t. O u r e x a m in a tio n o f
P A R K (ing), th e re fo re , n o t o n ly re v ea ls th e a rg u m e n ta tiv e p o te n tia l o f p la c e /s p a c e b u t also
rev e als th a t th e c o m m o n uses o f p la c e /s p a c e a re n o rm a liz e d a rg u m e n ts. T h e (re )co n stru c tio n
o f p la c e /s p a c e is in p ro ce ss a n d o p e n to a lte rn a te a rg u m e n ts.
I n a d d itio n to fu rth e rin g o u r u n d e rs ta n d in g o f spa tial a rg u m e n ts, w e a re p a rtic u la rly
in te re s te d in e x a m in in g h o w th e sp atial a rg u m e n ts o f th e PA R K (ing) m o v e m e n t e n g a g e w ith
a te n s io n b e tw e e n e p h e m e ra lity a n d e n d u ra n c e th a t u ltim a te ly c o n stra in s a n d e n a b le s th e
tac tical d e p lo y m e n t o f fu tu re P A R K (ing) installa tio n s. U sin g T a y lo r’s (2003) te rm in o lo g y ,
PA R K (ing) in stalla tio n s a c t in th e re a lm o f th e “e p h e m e ra l repertoire o f e m b o d ie d p ra c tic e /
k n o w le d g e ” b e c a u se th e y p e rfo rm te m p o ra r y a rg u m e n ta tiv e fissures in th e n o rm a liz e d
m e a n in g o f u r b a n space, w h e re a s th e P A R K (ing) D a y w e bsite acts in th e re a lm o f th e “ archive
o f su p p o s e d ly e n d u rin g m a te ria ls” (p. 19, italics in original). T h e P A R K (ing) D a y m o v e m e n t
resid e s a t th e in te rse c tio n o f th e e p h e m e ra l a n d th e a rch iv al, in v o lv in g b o th lo c aliz e d
te m p o r a r y in stalla tio n s in p a rtic u la r p lac e s a n d th e d o c u m e n ta tio n o f th e PA R K (ing) c o n c e p t
o n th e w e bsite a rc h iv e. W e e x a m in e h o w th e a rc h iv in g o f PA R K (ing) in stalla tio n s sh a p e s th e
b r o a d d isse m in a tio n a n d d e v e lo p m e n t o f th is m o v e m e n t a n d its m a in a rg u m e n t, w h ic h th e n
in flu e nce s th e c o n s tru c tio n o f fu tu re P A R K (ing) installa tio n s. T h is m o v e m e n t b e tw e e n th e
a rc h iv e a n d th e re p e rto ire o f PA R K (ing) c o n stra in s a n d e n a b le s th e a rg u m e n ta tiv e re so u rc e s
a v a ilab le fo r fu tu re spa tial a rg u m en ts.
W e b e g in b y fu rth e r e x a m in in g sp atial a rg u m e n t as a sig n ifican t fo rm o f n o n -v e rb a l
a rg u m e n t w o rth y o f th e a tte n tio n o f a rg u m e n ta tio n sch o lars. T h e n , w e tu rn to a n a naly sis o f
P A R K (ing) as a sp a tial a rg u m e n t. W e sh o w h o w PA R K (ing) e n ga ges w ith th e te n sio n
b e tw e e n e p h e m e ra lity a n d e n d u ra n c e . W e re v e a l h o w : 1) e p h e m e ra l spa tial a rg u m e n ts c a n
te m p o ra r ily c h alle n g e co llectiv e, n o rm a liz e d u n d e rsta n d in g s o f p la c e s a n d sp a ce s; 2) th e
d o c u m e n ta tio n a n d a rc h iv in g o f e p h e m e ra l sp a tial a rg u m e n ts c a n e x te n d th e ir liv es a n d
c re a te m o re e n d u rin g a rg u m e n ts a b o u t sp a tial p rac tic e s; a n d 3) th e a rc h iv e o f p a s t spa tial
a rg u m e n ts c a n c o n stra in a n d e n a b le fu tu re a rg u m e n ta tiv e fo rce . A s o u r c o n c lu sio n suggests,
th is a naly sis h a s im p o rta n t im p lic a tio n s n o t o n ly fo r a rg u m e n ta tio n stu d ies o f n o n -v e rb a l
fo rm s o f a rg u m e n t b u t also fo r th in k in g a b o u t p ro c esses o f re sista n ce to n o rm a liz e d spa tial
p ra ctic e s a n d ten sio n s th a t e m e rg e fo r social m o v e m e n ts.
S pa t i a l A r g u m e n t
P la ce a n d sp ace a re m u tu a lly c o nstitu tiv e te rm s (Blair, D ic k in so n , & O tt, 2010) th a t allow
re s e a rc h e rs to e x a m in e th e re la tio n sh ip b e tw e e n h u m a n s a n d g e o g ra p h y . In fu rth e r d e fin in g
th e p la c e /s p a c e re la tio n sh ip , g e o g r a p h e r C ressw e ll c o n te n d s th at, in g e n era l, in te rd isc ip lin
a ry re s e a rc h a ssu m e s th a t “S p ac e is a m o re a b str a c t c o n c e p t th a n p la c e ” (C ressw ell, 2004, p.
8). I n o u r focus o n sp a tial argument, w e u se th e te rm to su g g est a g e n e ra l fo cu s o n h o w sp aces
c a n a c t a rg u m e n ta tiv e ly w h ile re c o g n iz in g th a t spa tial a rg u m e n ts a re e m b e d d e d in p a rtic u la r
p la c e -b a se d p rac tice s. B e cau se o f th e flu id re la tio n s h ip b e tw e e n p la c e a n d space, w e w ill use
th e te rm p la c e /s p a c e fo r th e re m a in d e r o f th is essay u n less w e a re specifically p la c in g o u r
fo cu s o n o n e te rm o r th e o th er.
S c ho lars a re in cre a sin g ly u sin g p la c e /s p a c e c o n c e p ts to e x a m in e th e rh e to r ic ity o f a
v a rie ty o f p h e n o m e n a in c lu d in g m e m o ry p lac e s a n d m e m o ria ls (e.g., B lair, 2001; B lair, e t a l ,
2 0 1 0 ; B lair & M ich e l, 20 0 0 ; B ro u w e r, 20 0 7 ; D ick in so n , B lair, & O tt, 2010), p lac e s o f
c o n s u m p tio n (e.g., D ick in so n , 1997, 20 0 2 ; M o d esti, 20 0 8 ; S te w a rt & D ick in so n , 2008),
m u se u m s (e.g., B rad y , 20 1 1 ; D ic k in so n , O tt, & A oki, 2005, 2 0 0 6 ; K elly & H o e rl, 2012;
125
A R G U M E N T A T IO N A N D A D V O C A C Y
E N D R E S, E T AL.
Z a g a c k i & G a ll a g h e r , 2 0 0 9 ) , s o c ia l m o v e m e n t s (e .g ., E n t i r e s & S e n d a - C o o k , 2 0 0 9 , 2 0 1 1 ;
S in g e r , 2 0 1 1 ; W e s t, 2 0 0 7 , 2 0 1 0 ) , u r b a n c e n t e r s (e .g ., S t. A n t o i n e , 2 0 0 7 ; W o o d , 2 0 0 9 ) , a n d
c u l t i v a t i n g a s e n s e o f p l a c e (e .g ., C a n t r i l l, 1 9 9 8 ; C a n t r i l l & S e n e c a h , 2 0 0 1 ; C a n t r i l l, T h o m p
s o n , G a r r e t t , & R o c h e s t e r , 2 0 0 7 ; D ic k i n s o n , 2 0 1 1 ; S p u r l o c k , 2 0 0 9 ) . C o lle c t iv e l y , t h e s e
s t u d ie s a s s u m e t h a t p l a c e s a n d s p a c e s a r e f o r m s o f m a t e r i a l r h e t o r i c (B la ir, 1 9 9 9 ) .5 I t is n o t
j u s t t h e d i s c o u r s e a b o u t p l a c e s a n d s p a c e s t h a t is r h e t o r i c a l , b u t p l a c e s a n d s p a c e s t h e m s e l v e s
e n a c t c o n s e q u e n tia l r h e to r ic a l p e rfo rm a n c e s .
A r g u m e n t a t i o n s c h o l a r s h ip h a s y e t to e n g a g e i n a n e x t e n d e d d i s c u s s i o n o f p l a c e / s p a c e a s
a r g u m e n t , o r w h a t w e t e r m s p a t ia l a r g u m e n t s . W h e n t h e c o n c e p t s a r e e n g a g e d , a r g u m e n
t a t i o n s c h o la r s t e n d to r e f e r to s p a c e a s a n a b s t r a c t s y m b o l ic r e s o u r c e f o r t h i n k i n g a b o u t
a r g u m e n t a t i o n , s u c h a s a r g u m e n t s p h e r e s a s s p a t ia l t o p o i f o r t h i n k i n g a b o u t a r g u m e n t ty p e s
(e .g ., G o o d n i g h t , 1 9 8 2 ; K e r e m i d c h i e v a , 2 0 0 9 ; M u r r a y , 2 0 1 2 ) a n d h o w “t h e o r i e s o f p u b l i c
s p a c e e m b o d y d i f f e r e n t a t t i tu d e s t o w a r d a r g u m e n t a t i o n ” ( F le m in g , 1 9 9 8 , p . 1 4 8 ; s e e a ls o
B r o u w e r & A s e n , 2 0 1 0 ) . I n l in e w it h B la ir, B a l t h r o p & M i c h e l ’s (2 0 1 1 ) a r g u m e n t “ t h a t p l a c e s
h a v e a r g u m e n t a t i v e ‘p o t e n c y ’” (p. 4 5 0 ) , w e p r o p o s e t h a t a n a ly s i s o f s p a t ia l a r g u m e n t s c a n
c o n trib u te to o u r u n d e r s ta n d in g o f n o n -v e rb a l a r g u m e n t fo rm s. A n o v e r a rc h in g p u r p o s e o f
th i s e s s a y , t h e r e f o r e , is to d e m o n s t r a t e h o w p l a c e / s p a c e is a r g u m e n t a t i v e a n d f u r t h e r e x p a n d
u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f f o r m s o f n o n - v e r b a l a r g u m e n t a t i o n . S tu d ie s o f v is u a l a r g u m e n t (e .g .,
B ir d s e ll & G r o a r k e , 1 9 9 6 ; B la ir, 1 9 9 6 ; F in n e g a n , 2 0 0 1 ; F le m in g , 1 9 9 6 ; P a lc z e w s k i, 2 0 0 5 ;
P i n e d a & S o w a r d s , 2 0 0 7 ) a n d b o d i l y a r g u m e n t (e .g ., D a r w i n , 1 9 9 9 ; D e L u c a , 1 9 9 9 b ; H a r o l d ,
199 9; H a u s e r, 199 9; M c N a u g h to n , 2 0 0 7 ; T o rre n s , 1999) h a v e w id e n e d o u r p e r c e p tio n o f
w h a t fo rm s o f d is c o u rs e c a n b e a rg u m e n ts . S p a tia l a r g u m e n t fu r th e rs th e s e c o n v e rs a tio n s b y
e x p a n d in g n o n -v e rb a l a r g u m e n t to in c lu d e p la c e /s p a c e .
T h e t u r n to s p a t i a l a r g u m e n t a s s u m e s t h a t m a t e r ia l a l t e r a t io n s o f p l a c e / s p a c e c a n m a k e
a r g u m e n t s . I n o t h e r w o r d s , a p l a c e / s p a c e c a n m a k e c l a im s a n d p r o v i d e s u p p o r t f o r c la im s
i n a n e n t h y m e m a t i c p r o c e s s w h e r e i n a u d i e n c e s t h a t e n c o u n t e r t h e m fill i n t h e p r e m i s e s .
S p a tia l a r g u m e n ts a r e o fte n in te r r e la te d w ith b u t n o t n e c e s s a rily d e p e n d e n t o n v e r b a l
a r g u m e n t s i n a l a r g e r c i r c u l a t in g s e t o f d i s c o u r s e s (B la ir, e t a l., 2 0 1 1 ; s e e a ls o n o t e 5 ). U s i n g
P A R K ( in g ) a s o u r e x a m p l e , w e c o n s i d e r t h e
(re) c o n s t r u c ti o n s o f p l a c e b y P A R K (in g )
i n s t a l la t io n s t o b e m a t e r i a l s p a t ia l a r g u m e n t s t h a t c a ll f o r a d h e r e n c e to a n a l t e r n a t e v i s i o n o f
w h a t a p a r k in g sp o t, a n d u r b a n
s p a c e m o r e g e n e r a l l y , c a n b e . P a r t i c u l a r P A R K ( in g )
i n s t a l la t io n s s e r v e a s a f o r m o f a r g u m e n t b y e x a m p l e , w i t h t h e in s t a l la t io n s a s t h e e v i d e n c e
f o r t h e c l a i m t h a t r e c o n c e p t u a l i z i n g p a r k i n g s p a c e s is n o t o n l y p o s s i b le b u t a ls o d e s i r a b le .
T h e in s t a l la t io n s d e m o n s t r a t e t h a t i t is p o s s i b le to r e - e n v i s i o n u r b a n s p a c e g e n e r a l l y b e c a u s e
th e y h a v e r e - e n v is io n e d t h a t p a r tic u la r s p a c e a n d in v ite d p a r tic ip a n ts to e x p e r ie n c e it. T h is
a r g u m e n t d o e s n o t r e ly u p o n a u d i e n c e s h a v i n g a lr e a d y e n c o u n te r e d th e v e r b a l a r g u m e n ts m a d e
b y o rg a n iz e r s o f th e p a r tic u la r in s ta lla tio n o r t h e l a r g e r P A R K (in g ) m o v e m e n t. E n c o u n t e r i n g a
P A R K (in g ) in s ta lla tio n a s o n e w a lk s d o w n a s tre e t, fo r e x a m p le , h o ld s t h e p o te n ti a l f o r e x p e r i
e n c in g t h e in s ta lla tio n a s a n a r g u m e n t a b s e n t a s u p p l e m e n t a r y v e r b a l m e s s a g e .
W h i l e t h e s p e c if ic r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n p l a c e / s p a c e is w i d e l y d e b a t e d w i t h i n t h e i n t e r
d i s c i p l in a r y f ie ld o f s p a t ia l s tu d ie s , w e r e ly o n tw o i n t e r r e l a t e d c o n c e p t s to h i g h l i g h t h o w
5 W e f o llo w C r e s s w e lP s ( 2 0 0 4 ) a r g u m e n t t h a t s p a c e a n d p l a c e a r e a lw a y s b o t h m a t e r i a l a n d s y m b o lic . I n d e e d , w e
r e je c t t h e c o m m o n d e s i r e to d i c h o t o m iz e t h e m a t e r i a l a n d t h e s y m b o lic , r a t h e r s e e in g t h e m a t e r i a l a n d s y m b o l ic a s
a lw a y s i n t e r t w i n e d in a f lu id r e la ti o n s h ip . B la ir ’s ( 1 9 9 9 ) c o n c e p t i o n o f t h e m a t e r i a li t y o f r h e t o r i c s i m ila r ly r e c o g n iz e s
t h a t r h e to r i c a l p e r f o r m a n c e s a r e a c o m b i n a t i o n o f m a t e r i a l a n d s y m b o l ic q u a li tie s w it h c o n s e q u e n c e s . O u r e x a m i
n a t i o n o f a r g u m e n ts f r o m th is p e r s p e c t iv e o n m a t e r i a l r h e t o r i c n o t o n l y f o c u s e s o n m a t e r i a l s tr u c tu r e s , b u t a ls o t h e
v e r b a l s y m b o l s t h a t a r e i n t e r r e l a t e d w i t h t h e s e s t r u c tu r e s . ( S e e a ls o : B l a i r & M ic h e l , 2 0 0 0 ; D ic k in s o n , O t t , & A o k i,
2 0 0 5 , 2 0 0 6 ; D i c k in s o n , 2 0 0 2 ; M o d e s t i , 2 0 0 8 ) .
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P A R K (IN G ) A S S P A T IA L A R G U M E N T
W IN T E R 2014
p l a c e / s p a c e - P A R K ( i n g ) D a y , i n p a r t i c u l a r - c a n b e a n a r g u m e n t . F ir s t, s o m e s c h o l a r s c o n
c e iv e o f s p a c e a s e m p t y a n d p l a c e a s s p a c e t h a t is i m b u e d w i t h m e a n i n g (e .g ., T u a n ,
1 9 7 7 / 2 0 0 1 ; C r e s s w e ll, 2 0 0 4 ). T h e t e r m p l a c e r e f e r s to a p a r t i c u l a r s e m i - b o u n d e d p h y s i c a l
l o c a t i o n w h e r e a s s p a c e r e f e r s to t h a t w h i c h is “ o p e n , u n d i f f e r e n t i a t e d , u n d e s i g n a t e d ” (B la ir
e t a l., 2 0 1 0 , p . 2 3 ). I n r e l a t i o n to P A R K ( in g ) D a y , w e m i g h t t h i n k o f e m p l a c e d P A R K ( in g )
i n s t a l la t io n s a s c r e a t i n g a t e m p o r a r y d i s r u p t i o n o f t h e n o r m a l i z e d m e a n i n g o f u r b a n s p a c e
a n d r e v e a l i n g t h e o p e n p o s s ib ili ti e s f o r u s e o f s u c h s p a c e . T h e p r o c e s s o f m a k i n g m e a n i n g
i n s p a c e is, i n p a r t , a p r o c e s s o f a r g u m e n t a t i o n i n a f ie ld o f o p e n p o s s i b il it ie s . A n a r g u m e n t
f o r a p a r t i c u l a r u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f p l a c e is p r e s e n t e d t o a u d i e n c e s f o r a s s e n t o r d is s e n t.
N o rm a liz e d c o n c e p tio n s o f p la c e /s p a c e c a n c re a te m e a n in g s fo r p la c e s , b u t th e s e p la c e s a n d
m e a n i n g s a r e n e v e r a b s o l u t e . T h e r e is a lw a y s r o o m to p r o p o s e a n a r g u m e n t f o r a d i f f e r e n t
i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f p la c e . P A R K ( in g ) o ff e rs a w i n d o w i n t o h o w d o m i n a n t p l a c e m e a n i n g s c a n
b e c o m e n o r m a l i z e d - p a r k i n g s p o t s a r e f o r c a r s a n d m o t o r c y c le s , u r b a n s p a c e is f o r t h e
m a i n t e n a n c e a n d c o n t i n u o u s e x p a n s i o n o f c a r c u l t u r e —a n d h o w t h o s e m e a n i n g s c a n b e
c h a l l e n g e d t h r o u g h a l t e r n a t e a r g u m e n t s - p a r k i n g s p o ts c a n b e p u b l i c g a t h e r i n g p l a c e s , u r b a n
s p a c e c a n b e r e im a g in e d .
T h is le a d s in to th e s e c o n d w a y o f u n d e r s ta n d in g th e re la tio n s h ip b e tw e e n p la c e /s p a c e as
s o c i a ll y c o n s t r u c t e d s e ts o f s o c ia l p r a c t i c e s (e .g ., C r e s s w e ll, 1 9 9 6 ; L e f e b v r e , 1 9 9 2 ). A b s t r a c t e d
s p a c e is a s e t o f s o c ia l p r a c t i c e s t h a t r e g u l a t e s o c i e t y w h e r e a s p l a c e is p a r t i c u l a r i z e d , l o c a l
e n a c t m e n t s o f s p a t ia l p r a c t i c e s . I n
The Production of Space, L e f e b v r e
(1 9 9 2 ) a t t e m p t s to b r e a k
m a te r ia l/m e n ta l o r s u b je c tiv e /o b je c tiv e b in a rie s b y s h o w in g h o w p ra c tic e s in w h a t h e te rm s
“ s o c ia l s p a c e ” a r e i n f l u e n c e d b y a n d in f l u e n c e s p a t ia l p e r c e p t i o n s , a b s t r a c t e d c o n c e p t i o n s o f
s p a c e , a n d li v e d e x p e r i e n c e s . H e n o t e s , “ ( S o c ia l) s p a c e is a (s o c ia l) p r o d u c t , ” m e a n i n g t h a t
s p a c e is a lw a y s u n d e r c o n s t r u c t i o n (p . 2 6 ). T h e c o n s t r u c t e d a n d p r a c t i c e d n a t u r e o f p l a c e /
s p a c e a llo w s f o r r e s i s t a n c e t h r o u g h a r g u m e n t . C r e s s w e l l (1 9 9 6 ) n o t e s , ‘(J u s t a s i t is t h e c a s e
t h a t s p a c e a n d p l a c e a r e u s e d t o s t r u c t u r e a n o r m a t i v e w o r l d , t h e y a r e a ls o u s e d ( in t e n t i o n a l l y
o r o th e r w is e ) to q u e s t i o n t h a t n o r m a t i v e w o r l d ” (p . 9 ). P A R K ( in g ) a t t e m p t s t o d i s r u p t
n o r m a l i z e d s p a t i a l p r a c t i c e s t h a t r e g u la t e h o w w e c o n c e i v e o f a n d a c t i n p a r k i n g s p a c e s ,
r e im a g in in g th e m as u r b a n s p a c e s w ith th e p o te n tia l fo r n u m e ro u s a lte rn a tiv e u se s , s u c h as
p u b l i c p a r k s . T h e a r g u m e n t o f a P A R K ( in g ) i n s t a l la t io n m a y , f o r e x a m p l e , b e t h a t p u b l i c
g r e e n s p a c e s a re p r e f e r a b le to p a r k in g s p a c e s b e c a u s e y o u c a n se e o r e x p e rie n c e fo r y o u rs e lf
t h a t t h e P A R K ( in g ) i n s t a l la t io n l o o k s b e t t e r a n d b r i n g s p e o p l e t o g e t h e r .
A n a ly s is o f P A R K ( in g ) i n s t a l la t io n s n o t o n l y p r o v i d e s e x a m p l e s o f s p a t i a l a r g u m e n t s , b u t
a ls o a llo w s a c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f h o w t h e s e s p a t ia l a r g u m e n t s p l a y i n t o t h e l a r g e r P A R K (in g )
m o v e m e n t th a t h a s e x p a n d e d
b e y o n d p a r t i c u l a r P A R K ( in g ) i n s ta lla tio n s . O u r a n a ly s is
h ig h l ig h t s a t e n s i o n b e t w e e n e n d u r a n c e a n d e p h e m e r a l i t y i n t h e a r g u m e n t a t i v e a d v o c a c y o f
t h e P A R K ( in g ) m o v e m e n t . R e l a t i v e l y e p h e m e r a l s p a t ia l a r g u m e n t s c a n g a i n a s e n s e o f
e n d u r a n c e t h r o u g h d o c u m e n t a t i o n , a r c h i v i n g , a n d d i s s e m i n a t i o n o n t h e P A R K ( in g ) w e b s it e .
T h i s t y p e o f s p a t i a l a r g u m e n t p o s s e s s e s b o t h e p h e m e r a l i t y a n d e n d u r a n c e , a n d t h e o s c i ll a ti n g
r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e m c o n s t r a in s a n d e n a b l e s f u t u r e lo c a l i z e d P A R K ( in g ) i n s ta lla tio n s .
E p h e m e r a l it y a n d E n d u r a n c e i n PARK( i n g ) A r g u m e n t s
O u r a n a ly s i s f o c u s e s o n t h e i n t e r p l a y b e t w e e n lo c a l i z e d P A R K ( in g ) i n s t a l la t io n s a n d t h e
P A R K ( in g ) D a y m o v e m e n t , b e t w e e n t h e r e l a t i v e l y e p h e m e r a l i n s t a l la t io n s a n d t h e e n d u r i n g
a r c h i v e o n t h e P A R K ( in g ) w e b s i te . W e s e e e p h e m e r a l i t y a n d e n d u r a n c e a s s it tin g o n
o p p o s ite e n d s o f a c o n tin u u m
as o p p o s e d to b e in g sta rk ly d e lin e a te d . A s su c h , w e se e
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ENDRES, ET AL.
ephemerality as temporariness, in which an act or argument is time bound. Ephemerality is
closely linked to embodied or lived arguments that occur within a set time frame. Endurance
conveys a sense of relative stability. Although there are very few things that are literally
stable, we use the term endurance for acts or arguments that stand the test of time, so to
speak. They endure beyond their initial instantiation. Taylor’s (2003) concepts of the archive
and the repertoire further explain the distinction between endurance and ephemerality.
“Archival memory,” according to Taylor (2003), “exists as documents, maps, literary texts,
letters, archeological remains, bones, videos, films, CDs, all those items supposedly resistant
to change” (p. 19). In this sense, the PARK(ing) Day website and other sources that
document the spatial arguments that comprise the movement act as an archive of the
embodied and emplaced phenomenon of PARK(ing). “The repertoire, on the other hand,
enacts embodied memory: performances, gestures, orality, movement, dance, singing—in
short, all those acts usually thought of as ephemeral, nonreproducible knowledge” (p. 20).
Localized PARK(ing) performances act as the repertoire in that they are temporary spatial
arguments for rethinking urban spaces. The archive and the repertoire are not in an either/or
relationship, but rather “exist in a constant state of interaction” (p. 21) that constitute an
understanding of the fluidity between documented and embodied, space and place, norm al
ization and resistance, and enduring and ephemeral. The archive acts as a sort of centripetal
force that centers the concept of PARK(ing) while the repertoire acts as a centrifugal force
that pushes back against the centering of the archive. In other words, the archive brings
together all the photos and residues that keep PARK(ing) installations consistent while the
repertoire allows for creative variations. The main argument of the PARK(ing) movement—to
reimagine parking spots and urban space more generally-relies on both the archive and the
repertoire, the semi-permanent documentation of PARK(ing) and the ephemeral enactments
of localized PARK(ing) installations.
The PARK(ing) arguments we analyze engage with the endurance and ephemerality
continuum in three ways: 1) PARK(ing) challenges the normalized and semi-enduring nature
of urban space through temporary fissures; 2) the documentation and archive of PARK(ing)
reveals the possibility of endurance for ephemeral spatial arguments; and 3) the endurance
of the PARK(ing) archive enables and constrains the repertoire of future ephemeral PARK(ing) installations. O n one level, PARK(ing) installations are spatial arguments that disturb
normalized practices of place/space. These normalized practices are routinely remade until
there are fissures that break the normalized practice and expose the processual and argu
mentative nature of place/space. While parking spaces are normatively understood as places
to park cars, trucks and motorcycles, PARK(ing) installations challenge this norm by offering
an ephemeral glimpse into an alternative way of understanding this particular artifact of
urban place/space. These glimpses expose the ever-changing, processual nature of place/
space; what we may see as an enduring aspect of urban space is actually a normalized pattern
of repeated practices. Importantly, we are not arguing that urban spaces are permanent and
unchanging-indeed, urban spaces are often under construction or in transition-but that the
norm of how urban space is used and practiced is a largely unquestioned assumption that
endures until alternate arguments are posed. O n a second level, individual localized PARK(ing) installations, despite their ephemerality, gain a sense of endurance through their
documentation on the PARK(ing) Day website archive and through dissemination in other
platforms. The embodied, emplaced, and time bound installations move closer to the
endurance end of the continuum when they are documented, archived, and disseminated.
Finally, on the third level, the PARK(ing) archive serves as a source of power that enables
128
P A R K (IN G ) A S S P A T IA L A R G U M E N T
W IN T E R
2014
a n d c o n s tr a in s f u t u r e P A R K ( in g ) a r g u m e n t s . T h e d u r a b i l i t y o f t h e a r c h i v e a n d its c e n t r a l i t y
to
th e m o v e m e n t h a s c o n s e q u e n c e s f o r f u tu r e te m p o r a r y P A R K (in g ) in s ta lla tio n s .
T o e x p lo r e th e s e in f u r th e r d e ta il, w e tu r n to a n a n a ly s is o f P A R K (in g ) th a t d r a w s f ro m
v a rie ty
m e n t.
o f te x tu a l
fra g m e n ts
S p e c ific a lly , w e
P A R K (in g )
D ay
D IY
th a t
e x a m in e
re p re se n t
th e
P la n n in g
th e
P A R K (in g )
N e tw o rk
th e
D ay
(h t t p : / / p a r k i n g d a y . o r g / ) , t h e
w e b s ite
w e b s ite
a rc h iv e ,
an d
th e
a
in s ta lla tio n s ,
(h t t p : / / m y . p a r k i n g d a y . o r g / ) ,
m ove
u p lo a d e d
Y o u T u b e a n d V im e o v id e o s , a n d lo c a l P A R K (in g ) in s ta lla tio n s .
Challenging N orm alized Practices
M a n y p la c e s r a n g in g f r o m
c itie s to p a r k in g s p o ts w ith in c itie s lie o n th e e n d u r a n c e e n d o f
th e c o n tin u u m , in p a r t d u e to th e ir m a te r ia lity a n d p h y s ic a lity a n d in p a r t d u e to th e ir d e s ig n .
C itie s a r e m o s t o f te n b u i lt to s ta n d th e te s t o f tim e , e v e n if c o m p o n e n ts w ith in th e m
a re u n d e r
c o n s tr u c tio n . O n a s m a lle r s c a le , p a r k in g s p o ts a r e a ls o u s u a lly b u ilt to la s t a s a p a r t o f c ity
tra n s p o rta tio n
en h an ce
th is
p la n n in g .
sen se
B u ild in g s ,
o f e n d u ra n c e
a s p h a lt,
(a lth o u g h
an d
n o
o th e r
p la c e
a s p e c ts
o r
o f
th e
p h y s ic a l
b u ilt
s tru c tu re
e n v ir o n m e n t
is
c o m p le te ly
p e r m a n e n t ) . E v e n a b u i l d i n g is o n l y s e m i - p e r m a n e n t a n d r e l i e s o n c o n s i s t e n t a n d p r a c t i c e d
m a in te n a n c e
p ra c tic e s
to
in
u n d e rly in g
it
s ta n d in g .
In
p la c e /s p a c e
keep
re in fo rc e
th e ir
a s s u m p tio n s
ab out
th e
a d d itio n
use
to
r e la tiv e
p h y s ic a l
s tr u c tu r e s ,
e n d u ra n c e
o f p la c e /s p a c e .
In
in
th a t
u rb an
r e p e a te d
th e s e
n o rm a tiv e
p ra c tic e s
s e ttin g s ,
th e
d e fin e
n o rm a tiv e
c o n c e p t i o n o f a p a r k i n g s p a c e is r e p e a t e d l y m a i n t a i n e d a s p e o p l e r e n t t h e s e s p o ts f o r t h e i r
c a rs o r m o to r c y c le s w h ile s h o p p in g , w o r k in g , r u n n in g e r r a n d s , a n d so o n . O u r p o in t, th e n ,
is t h a t e v e r y d a y p r a c t i c e s m a i n t a i n a n d r e p r o d u c e t h e n o r m a t i v e m e a n i n g s o f p l a c e / s p a c e ,
y ie ld in g a fo rm
o f e n d u r i n g m e a n i n g . U r b a n d w e ll e r s m a y f a c e c o n t i n u a l c o n s t r u c t i o n s ite s
o f p a r k i n g l o ts a n d r o a d w a y s , b u t w h a t e n d u r e s is t h e i d e a t h a t u r b a n
m a in ta in
s p a c e is d e s i g n e d
to
c a r c u ltu re , a c u ltu r e n o r m a liz e d in e v e r y d a y p r a c tic e s .
P A R K (in g ) c h a lle n g e s th is n o r m a tiv e c o n c e p tio n , r e v e a lin g th e p r o c e s s u a l a n d p r a c tic e d
n a tu r e o f p la c e /s p a c e n o t s im p ly a s th e m a in te n a n c e o f p la c e /s p a c e b u t a ls o th e m a in te n a n c e
o f th e
idea
of how
such
p la c e /s p a c e
can
b e
used. W h en
seen
a s in
p ro ce ss
an d
o p en
to
p o s s ib i li ti e s , p l a c e / s p a c e is o p e n t o a r g u m e n t a t i o n a s w e ll. P A R K ( in g ) p e r f o r m a n c e s h e l p to
r e v e a l t h a t th e s e e m in g ly f ix e d n o r m a tiv e c o n c e p t io n
o f p l a c e / s p a c e —t h a t u r b a n
t a k e n - f o r - g r a n t e d f u n c t i o n s —i s r e a l l y a s e r i e s o f a r g u m e n t s r e p e a t e d
a l t e r n a t e a r g u m e n t is a d v a n c e d . C r e s s w e ll (1 9 9 6 ) e x p l a i n s h o w
in a n t
id e o lo g ic a l
n o rm s
[o f p la c e ]
te m p o ra rily
re v e a l th e
th in g s
(p . 2 6 ). A lte r n a tiv e
a r e ’”
serv e
h is to r ic a l a n d
to
c o n fu se
m u ta b le
a rg u m e n ts
n a tu re
fo r th e
an d
“d e v ia tio n s f r o m
d is o rie n ta te .
o f th a t w h ic h
use
space has
o v e r a n d o v e r u n til a n
In
d o in g
so
th e y
‘t h e
w ay
fis s u re s
th a t
is c o n s i d e r e d
o f p la c e /s p a c e
act as
th e d o m
c h a lle n g e th e n o r m a tiv e m e a n in g s o f p la c e /s p a c e a n d “ tra n s g r e s s th e e x p e c ta tio n s o f p la c e ,”
a lb e it o fte n ju s t te m p o ra rily
(C re s s w e ll,
1 9 9 6 , p . 8 ).
P A R K (in g ) s ta rte d a s o n e te m p o ra ry re c o n s tru c tio n
o f d o w n to w n
S an
F ra n c isc o
and
is w h a t E n d r e s
and
o f p la c e fo r tw o h o u rs in th e m id d le
S e n d a -C o o k
(2 0 1 1 ) te r m
a
temporary
reconstruction of place,
“r a n g in g b e tw e e n a c o u p le o f h o u r s to a c o u p le o f m o n th s , w h ic h th e n
re tu rn
n o tio n s
to
s ta tu s
quo
o f p la c e
( a lb e it o f te n
le a v in g
re s id u a l tra c e s
o f th e
f is s u re
in
m e a n i n g ) ” (p . 2 6 8 ) . I n t h e o r ig i n a l P A R K ( in g ) i n s t a l l a t i o n a n d its n u m e r o u s o f f s h o o t s i n t h e
e n s u in g P A R K (in g ) D a y m o v e m e n t, p e o p le te m p o r a r ily r e n t o u t a n d o c c u p y a p a r k in g s p a c e
w ith s o m e t h in g o t h e r t h a n a c a r f o r a c o u p le h o u r s o r a fu ll d a y . T h e s e ta k e a v a r ie ty o f f o r m s
in c lu d i n g b e a u tif u l a rtis tic in s ta lla tio n s , a p a tc h o f g r a s s f o r r e la x in g , h a n d - c o n s t r u c te d ta b le s
f o r e a tin g lu n c h , c o m m u n a l a r t p r o je c ts , a n d w h im s ic a l g a m e s lik e p i n
th e
ta ilp ip e o n
th e
129
A R G U M E N T A T IO N A N D A D V O C A C Y
EN D R ES, E T AL.
t w e i ic y u ia u u m situ u u ju u u u i iu May n iiiim m e ian< n c »e yiiu n u cu ic ju u iv c a iic ic u i i) t i|i iiiv c —u raiucu
p e o p le c o n n e c t a n d
★
g e t s ta rte d
b u i l d i n g P A R K S in t h e i r n e i g h b o r h o o d s .
PARK(ING) DAY
D IY
GET STARTED
1 . R e a d t h e l i c e n s e (P D F ). U n d e r s t a n d
o n ly g iv e s y o u th e
o c c u p y a
m e te re d
le g a l rig h t to
p a rk in g
u se
th a t b y p a r tic ip a tin g , y o u a g r e e to its te r m s . N o tic e t h a t t h e
th e
tra d e m a rk
" P A R K ( in g ) D a y ," i t d o e s
n o t g iv e th e
lic e n s e
P L A N N IN G
NETW ORK
^
W i l l Y O U T O IN A PARKING $
rig h t to
s p a c e ) It is y o u r r e s p o n s i b i l i t y t o r e s e a r c h t h e l e g a l r e g u l a t i o n s In y o u r a r e a
a n d , if n e c e s s a r y , c o n ta c t th e lo c a l a u th o r itie s f o r p e r m is s io n . O b e y th e la w a n d h a v e f u n .
2 . C o m e b ack
in J u s t a f e w w e e k s to g r a b t h e
u p d a t e d , f r e e P A R K fln g ) D a y M a n u a l, i t 's a p o r t a b l e , e a s y - t o -
d o w n io a d P D F th a t c o v e r s th e b a s ic s a n d a little p h ilo s o p h y , a n d p r o c e e d s g o t o k e e p th is s ite a n d th e
c o m m u n ity n e tw o r k a liv e e a c h y e a r . A ls o c h e c k o u t th e o th e r r e s o u r c e s t h a t c a n h e lp y o u m a r k y o u r PA RK -
3 . J o i n t h e D I Y P l a n n i n g N e t w o r k . I t ’s a s o c i a l n e t w o r k d e s i g n e d e x c l u s i v e l y f o r P A R K ( l n g ) D a y p a r t i c i p a n t s .
B r o w s e f o r a g r o u p i n y o u r c i t y , o r s t a r t y o u r o w n a n d t r a d e i d e a s f o r t h i s y e a r ’s e v e n t .
4 . A d d y o u r p la n n e d PA R K to t h e w o rld m a p . T h is h e lp s o th e r s fin d y o u a n d h e lp s u s tr a c k t h e g r o w th o f
th e m o v e m e n t to re c la im
c i t i e s o n P A R K (in g ) D a y l
:
PARK(ing) D ay 2011:
975 perks. 162 cities.
3 5 countries. 6 continents.
BUILD YO UR O W N THIS YEAR'
D O W N L O A D THE P A S S IN G ) D A Y U C E N SE
G E T T H E P A R K (IN G ) D A Y M A N U A L
P A RK O ng) D a y I n Ijz e r e n le e n (B e lg iu m ), 2 0 0 7 . P h o to b y K r i s .
F i g u r e 2 . S c r e e n S h o t o f P A R K ( i n g ) D a y w e b s i t e “ P a r t i c i p a t e ” p a g e (h t t p : / / p a r k i n g d a y . o r g /
p a r tic ip a te /; re tr ie v e d F e b ru a r y 2 3 , 2 0 1 2 ).
c a r a n d T w is te r . T h e s e P A R K ( in g ) in s ta lla tio n s c r e a te th e o p p o r tu n ity f o r s e n s u a l, ta c tile ,
a e s t h e ti c , a n d c iv ic e n c o u n t e r s t h a t a ll o w o r g a n i z e r s a n d p a s s e r s b y t h e o p p o r t u n i t y to t a k e
a b re a k , la u g h , m e e t n e w p e o p le , e x p e rie n c e a rt, a n d p o te n tia lly r e th in k th e u s e o f p u b lic
s p a c e . Y e t , a t t h e e n d o f t h e i r t i m e , t h e t e m p o r a r y p a r k is d i s m a n t l e d a n d t h e p a r k i n g s p a c e
r e t u r n s to its u s u a l p u r p o s e a s a p l a c e t o p a r k a c a r o r m o t o r c y c l e . N o n e t h e l e s s , P A R K ( in g )
a c ts a s a c r itic a l in te r r u p t io n (P e z z u llo , 2 0 0 1 ) o f th e n o r m a liz e d a r g u m e n t o f p a r k in g s p o ts
a n d u r b a n s p a c e m o r e g e n e ra lly .
E n d u r a n c e T h r o u g h th e A rc h iv e
W h i l e e a c h P A R K ( in g ) i n s t a l l a ti o n is a n e p h e m e r a l s p a ti a l a r g u m e n t t h a t la s t s f o r a f e w
h o u r s o r p o s s ib l y a f u ll d a y , t h e r e s i d u a l t r a c e s o f p a r t i c u l a r P A R K ( i n g ) D a y i n s t a l la ti o n s t h a t
e x is t in p h o to g r a p h s , v id e o s , a n d w r i tte n a c c o u n ts a re r e m e d ia t e d ( B o lte r & G r u s in , 1 9 9 9 ),
d o c u m e n t e d , a n d d is s e m in a te d th r o u g h a n a r c h iv e . O n li n e s p a c e s , s u c h a s th e P A R K (in g )
D a y w e b s ite o r Y o u T u b e a n d V im e o v id e o s , n o t o n ly d o c u m e n t p a r ti c u l a r P A R K (in g )
a c tio n s , b u t a ls o a c t a s a r e p o s ito r y o r a r c h iv e o f th e m o v e m e n t. P A R K ( in g ) t h e n a c h ie v e s a
s e n s e o f e n d u r a n c e i n i ts a r c h i v e . B o t h t h e t e m p o r a r y i n s t a l l a t i o n t h a t m a y l a s t j u s t a f e w
h o u rs a n d
th e m o re p e r m a n e n t a rc h iv e r e p r e s e n t th e
c h a lle n g e to o u r u n d e r s ta n d in g o f u r b a n s p a c e .
d iss e m in a tio n o f P A R K (in g ) as a
130
PARK(ING) AS SPATIAL ARGUMENT
WINTER 2014
A R C H IV E
Figure 3. Screen Shot of PARK(ing) Day website “Archive” page (http://parkingday.org/
archive/; retrieved February 23, 2012).
Documentation, archiving, and dissemination played a strong role since the inception of
PARK(ing). In describing the initial installation in San Francisco, Merker (2010) notes that
after the PARK was dismantled, “All that remained of the incident were the photos and
video footage shot. .. Within several weeks a seminal photo had appeared in dozens of
references on the Internet and news stories” (p. 46). This seminal photo (Figure 1), showing
a person sitting on a park bench in a grassy, cordoned-off parking spot between two
automobiles, documents Rebar’s two-hour spatial argument. It became the start of an archive
of the PARK(ing) concept that was then widely disseminated.
Beyond the initial event in 2005, the PARK(ing) movement continues to thrive through
both residual traces of PARK(ing) installations documented in the archive and the repertoire
of an annual PARK(ing) Day during which live installations are temporarily constructed. We
argue that the archive gives the ephemeral spatial arguments of the repertoire a sense of
endurance, thus creating more longevity for the overall argument of PARK(ing) Day. While
the archive contains all of the documentation of PARK(ing) that may occur across multiple
venues (websites, media outlets, etc.), for this section of the paper we hone in on the archive
as represented on the two main PARK(ing) Day websites: the PARK(ing) Day homepage
(http://parkingday.org/) and the PARK(ing) Day DIY Planning Network website (http://
131
A R G U M E N T A T IO N A N D A D V O C A C Y
A ll P h o t o s
A ll A lb u m s
M y P h o to s
M y A lb u m s
EN D R ES, ET AL.
M y F a v o r ite s
+
Add
D A N IE L L E E N D R E S
S ig n O u t
F e a t u r e d P h o to s
m m *.
B ii ite n k o rb ,
D 5 C _0152
IM C 3 JS 3 7 3
b y M ic h a e l t e u n g
b y K a te N ic h o ls o n
* »
In b o x
1*
A le rts
$
F r i e n d s - I n v i te
< 9* S e ttin g s
2 8 7 4 3 ? 5 2 0 2 _ 2 i e o -4 16
0 d 9
H u m b o ld ttr. 1 5
b y M ie k e S t ra n d
b y G r e e n C i ty M u n i c h
A ll P ho tos (2,322)
►
Ym
0 4 0 0
b y V ery Y ou ng
b y v e ry Y oung
D 5C N 5202
D S C N 520I
b y R o o t P l a n n in g
b y R o o t P l a n n in g
F ig u re 4 . S c r e e n S h o t o f P A R K (in g )
D a y D IY
D S C N 5200
P l a n n in g N e tw o r k w e b s ite “ P h o t o ” p a g e
(h t t p : / / m y . p a r k i n g d a y . o r g / p h o t o ; r e t r i e v e d F e b r u a r y 2 3 , 2 0 1 2 ) .
m y . p a r k i n g d a y . o r g / ) . T h e s e w e b s i t e s r e p r e s e n t t h e m o v e m e n t ’s o f f i c i a l l y s a n c t i o n e d a r c h i v e
o f P A R K ( in g ), a s e le c tio n c h o s e n b y m o v e m e n t o r g a n iz e r s a n d p a r tic ip a n ts to d o c u m e n t a n d
d is s e m in a te th e i d e a o f P A R K (in g ).
T h r o u g h o u t th e P A R K ( in g ) D a y w e b s ite , th e r e a r e i n te r s p e r s e d p h o to s o f e v e n ts in c itie s
s u c h a s N e w Y o r k C ity , M u n ic h , a n d B e lg iu m (se e F ig u re 2) t h a t n o t o n ly d is p la y th e r a n g e
o f v a r ia n c e in P A R K ( in g ) in s ta lla tio n s b u t a ls o r e p r e s e n t t h a t th e m o v e m e n t h a s g o n e g lo b a l.
I n a d d i t i o n to t h e s e p h o t o s e m b e d d e d w i t h i n t h e w e b s it e , t h e r e is a ls o a l i n k t o a s h a r e d
F lic k r p o o l o n th e “A r c h iv e ” p a g e o f th e m a i n w e b s ite (se e F ig u r e 3) a s w e ll a s a p h o to
a rc h iv e o n th e D IY
w e b s ite (s e e F ig u r e 4 ). T h e s e c o m b in e d a r c h iv e s c o n ta in o v e r 5 ,0 0 0
(s o m e d u p lic a te d ) im a g e s o f t e m p o r a r y P A R K (in g ) in s ta lla tio n s r a n g i n g f r o m tr a n s f o r m in g a
p a r k in g s p a c e in to a n in te r a c tiv e a r t e x h ib it, to a p la c e to p r a c t ic e y o g a , to a b ic y c le - p a r k in g
p la c e , to a n u r b a n g a r d e n , to a liv in g r o o m w ith a c o u c h , to a p la c e f o r a p o k e r g a m e .
R e b a r r e c o g n iz e s th e im p o r ta n c e o f d o c u m e n t in g a n d a r c h iv in g P A R K (in g ) in s ta lla tio n s
f o r th e c o n tin u e d v ia b ility o f th e m o v e m e n t. T h e P A R K ( in g ) D a y w e b s ite s ta te s :
P A R K ( in g ) D a y b e g a n a s a tw o - h o u r in s ta lla tio n , b u t a fe w g o o d p h o to g r a p h s k e p t th e id e a a liv e lo n g e n o u g h
f o r it to b e c o m e a m o v e m e n t. E v e n a s th e e v e n t g ro w s , d o c u m e n t a t io n in th e f o r m o f v id e o a n d p h o t o g r a p h y
a r e k e y t o i t s s u c c e s s a s e a c h y e a r b u i l d s u p o n t h e l a s t ’s i n s p i r a t i o n ( R e b a r G r o u p , I n c . , 2 0 1 2 b ) .
D o c u m e n ta tio n
o f P A R K (in g ) th ro u g h
m o v e m e n t th a t th e n
th e
a rc h iv e
a ll o w s f o r its p r o l i f e r a t i o n
c re a te s
th ro u g h
a sen se
th e
o f e n d u ra n c e
c re a tio n
o f m o re
o f th e
lo c a liz e d
P A R K ( i n g ) i n s t a l l a t i o n s . E x t e n d i n g T u a n ’s ( 1 9 7 7 / 2 0 0 1 ) n o t i o n o f p l a c e a s p a u s e , t h e a r c h i v e
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P A R K (IN G ) A S S P A T IA L A R G U M E N T
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e n a c t s a l in g e r i n g p a u s e i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e f l e e ti n g p a u s e s o f l o c a l P A R K ( in g ) i n s t a ll a ti o n s .
T h e l i n g e r i n g p a u s e h e l p s t o d o c u m e n t t h e i d e a o f P A R K ( in g ) a n d e n a b l e s f u t u r e i n v e n t i o n
i n l o c a l i z e d p la c e s . T h e d o c u m e n t a t i o n a n d d i s s e m i n a t i o n o f P A R K ( in g ) o p e n s u p a s p a c e
fo r th in k in g a b o u t a n d e n a c tin g e p h e m e ra l c h a n g e in th e p h y sic a l, b u ilt e n v iro n m e n t. T h e
a r c h i v e a c ts a s a s o u r c e o f c r e a ti v it y f o r f u t u r e e v e n ts .
T h e s p a ti a l a r g u m e n t s o f P A R K ( in g ) m o v e b a c k a n d f o r t h b e t w e e n t h e l o c a l e p h e m e r a l
i n s ta ll a ti o n s a n d t h e g e n e r a l m o r e e n d u r i n g a r c h iv e . B o t h t h e i n s t a l la ti o n s a n d t h e a r c h i v e
a d v a n c e t h e a r g u m e n t o f t h e P A R K ( i n g ) m o v e m e n t a n d e n c o u r a g e r e t h i n k i n g t h e p r a c t ic e s
th a t (re )p ro d u c e u r b a n s p a c e . T h e a rc h iv e u se s r e p re s e n ta tio n s o f th e a rg u m e n ts o f th e lo c a l
i n s t a ll a ti o n s to h i g h l i g h t t h e e p h e m e r a l n a t u r e o f p l a c e s t h r o u g h t h e r e s i d u a l t r a c e s o f t h e i r
d if f u s e u s e s d u r i n g P A R K ( i n g ) D a y e v e n t s . H e n c e , t h e d o c u m e n t a t i o n o f t r a n s i e n c e h i g h
lig h t s t h e p r o c e s s b y w h i c h p r a c t i c e s a r e e n a b l e d b y a s p a t ia l o r d e r , a n d o p e n s u p a s p a c e
o f p o s s i b i li ti e s f o r r e - i m a g i n g t h e s e p r a c t ic e s . T h i s n o r m a l i z e d s p a ti a l o r d e r is t h e g e n e r i c
fo rm
o f t h e p a r k i n g s p a c e , w h i c h n a tu r a l i z e s t h e u r b a n
e n v ir o n m e n t as b u ilt a ro u n d
a u t o m o b i l i t y . T h e P a r k ( in g ) D a y a r c h i v e e n c o u r a g e s n e w w a y s t o l o o k a t o n e ’s o w n s p a ti a l
o r d e r b y s u g g e s t i n g a d d i t i o n a l u s e s , a d a p t e d to l o c a l s it u a ti o n s , i n t h e s h a r e d e x p e r i e n c e s
a v a i l a b l e o n li n e . T h e a r c h i v e , t h e n , n o t o n l y o f fe r s a s e n s e o f e n d u r a n c e to t h e e p h e m e r a l
a r g u m e n t s m a d e b y p a r t i c u l a r P A R K ( i n g ) i n s ta ll a ti o n s b u t a ls o m a k e s a n d s u p p o r t s t h o s e
a rg u m e n ts th ro u g h re p re s e n ta tio n .
The A rchive as Enabling and Constraining
D o c u m e n t a t i o n c a n a ls o s e r v e t o fix m e a n i n g i n p l a c e , d e f i n in g t h e p a r a m e t e r s o f
p o s s ib i li ty b y c o d if y in g t h e m . A s T a y l o r (2 0 0 3 ) n o t e s , “t h e a r c h iv a l , f r o m t h e b e g i n n i n g ,
s u s ta i n s p o w e r ” (p . 19). T h e P A R K ( in g ) a r c h i v e a ls o a c ts a s a c e n t r i p e t a l f o r c e t h a t h o l d s
p o w e r to c o n s tra in a n d e n a b le fu tu re P A R K (in g ) a rg u m e n ts a n d a d v o c a c y . T h e c e n trip e ta l
f o r c e o f t h e a r c h i v e tie s t o g e t h e r d i s p a r a t e m a n i f e s t a t i o n s o f P A R K ( in g ) a r o u n d a c e n tr a l
s p a t ia l a r g u m e n t ( th e p a r k i n g s p o t, r e i m a g i n e d ) . T h e P A R K ( i n g ) D a y w e b s i te a n d t h e
P A R K ( in g ) D a y D I Y P l a n n i n g N e t w o r k s e r v e b o t h c e n t r i p e t a l a n d c e n t r i f u g a l p u r p o s e s in
t h a t t h e y e s p o u s e t h e g e n e r a l m e s s a g e o f t h e m o v e m e n t to “t r a n s f o r m m e t e r e d p a r k i n g s p o ts
i n t o t e m p o r a r y p u b l i c p a r k s ” ( R e b a r G r o u p , I n c ., 2 0 1 2 f , n .p .) a n d o f f e r o r g a n i z i n g t o o l s —
in c lu d in g d o c u m e n ta tio n o f p a s t P A R K (in g ) in s ta lla tio n s -f o r p e o p le to r e in te r p re t a n d
c r e a t e t h e i r o w n t a k e o n P A R K ( i n g ) D a y . T h e P A R K ( in g ) a r c h i v e g u i d e s a c tiv is ts i n t h e
c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e i r o w n i n s t a l la ti o n s , e n c o u r a g i n g p a r t i c i p a n t s a c r o s s t h e g l o b e t o c o n v e r t
p a r k i n g s p a c e s i n t o P A R K ( in g ) p l a c e s t h r o u g h p e r f o r m a n c e , r e p e t i t i o n , a n d a m p l if ic a tio n .
N o m a t t e r w h a t l o c a l g r o u p s d o - s o d a n d t r e e s t o y o g a c la s s e s to o r a n g e j u i c e s ta n d s t o a n
e d i b l e b u s s t o p - t h e m e s s a g e o f t r a n s f o r m i n g a t r a d i t i o n a l p a r k i n g s p o t i n to a P A R K ( in g )
p l a c e f o r t h e p u r p o s e o f r e i m a g i n i n g u r b a n s p a c e r e m a in s . T h i s f o r c e m a y g e n e r a t e t h e
d if f u s e p o s s i b i li ti e s o f p u b l i c s w h i l e c r e a t i n g l i m i ta ti o n s o n h o w t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n t h e m o v e
m e n t.
T h e P A R K ( i n g ) a r c h i v e s e r v e s R e b a r ’s i n t e n t i o n t o m a k e P A R K ( i n g ) D a y a n o p e n s o u r c e
m o v e m e n t . A c c o r d i n g to c o - f o u n d e r M e r k e r (2 0 1 0 ), “R e b a r t r e a t e d t h e i d e a [o f P A R K ( in g )]
i ts e lf a s o p e n s o u r c e a n d a p p l i e d a C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s l ic e n s e : a s l o n g a s i t w a s n o t u s e d f o r
p r o f i t, w e e n c o u r a g e d p e o p l e t o r e p l i c a t e a n d r e i n t e r p r e t i t ” (p. 4 6 ). F u r t h e r , t h e
Day Manual s u g g e s t s
D a y N e t w o r k is the
PARK(ing)
t h a t t h e a r c h i v e i ts e l f f o llo w s a n o p e n s o u r c e e th i c : “T h e P A R K ( in g )
o p e n - s o u r c e , u s e r - g e n e r a t e d l iv i n g a r c h i v e o f t h e w o r l d w i d e e v e n t ”
( R e b a r G r o u p , I n c ., 2 0 1 1 , p . 1 4 , i ta lic s o r ig in a l) .
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A R G U M E N T A T IO N A N D A D V O C A C Y
E N D R E S , E T AL.
O p e n s o u r c e m e a n s t h a t c r e a to r s m a k e th e s o u rc e m a te r ia l fo r th e ir id e a o r p r o d u c t
a v a ila b le to t h e p u b lic so t h a t o th e r s c a n u s e a n d b u ild o n th e o rig in a l m a te r ia l.6 I n th is c a se ,
th e o rig in a l P A R K (in g ) in s ta lla tio n is th e o r ig in a l s o u rc e m a te r ia l t h a t g e ts r e p lic a te d a n d
r e in te r p r e te d . H a r o l d (2007) n o te s t h a t th e p h ilo s o p h y b e h i n d o p e n s o u rc e a llo w s fo r
in n o v a tio n a n d d is trib u tio n :
O p e n c o n te n t c r e a te s th e c o n d it io n s f o r in v e n tio n to b e c o m e a n o n g o in g a n d p u b lic p ro c e s s . Its d ir e c tio n is
s o m e w h a t u n p r e d ic ta b le , b e c a u s e th e lin e s t h a t f e e d it a n d a r e p r o d u c e d b y it a r e m u ltifa rio u s. O p e n in g u p
c u lt u r a l c o n te n t to c o ll a b o r a tiv e a u g m e n ta tio n e m b r a c e s r a t h e r th a n re je c ts th e v ir a l a n d d is tr ib u ti v e c h a r a c te r
o f p u b li c s (p. 148).
T h e o p e n s o u r c e e th o s o f th e m o v e m e n t is o n e o f th e e n a b lin g a s p e c ts o f th e P A R K (in g )
a rc h iv e in th a t it n o t o n ly c o n trib u te s to th e c o n tin u a tio n o f th e m o v e m e n t b u t also e n c o u ra g e s
c re a tiv e v a ria tio n s o n th e c e n tra l a r g u m e n t. T h e a rc h iv e (a n d o p e n so u rc e ethos) e n a b le s a re a lm
o f g e n e ra tiv e a rg u m e n ta tiv e possib ilities fro m th e diffuse p u b lic s th a t ta k e u p th e id ea .
P A R K (in g ) u s e s p la c e - a s - a r g u m e n t (E n d r e s & S e n d a - C o o k , 2 0 0 9 ) in a b a s ic m e s s a g e t h a t
u n ifie s d is p a r a te P A R K (in g ) in s ta lla tio n s . O r g a n iz e r s a r e a b le to in c o r p o r a te lo c a l issu es
w ith o u t s tr a y in g f r o m th e m a in s p a tia l a r g u m e n t. R e g a r d le s s o f th e v e r b a l m e s s a g e s t h a t
a c c o m p a n y p a r tic u la r P A R K (in g ) in s ta lla tio n s a n d r e g a r d le s s o f th e d if f e r e n t w a y s t h a t th e s e
in sta lla tio n s m o d if y th e p a r k in g sp o t, th e s p a tia l a r g u m e n t o f e a c h in s ta lla tio n is c o n s is te n t
w ith th e m o v e m e n t ’s c e n tr a l p u r p o s e to e n a c t e m p la c e d fissu re s in th e m e a n i n g o f a p a r k in g
sp o t. F r o m u r b a n f a r m in g to b u s in e s s p r o m o t i o n to a n ti-p o llu tio n to a r tis tic p e r f o r m a n c e , th e
s im p le a c t o f c r e a tin g a t e m p o r a r y fissu re in a p a r k in g s p o t e n a c ts a c e n tr ifu g a l m e s s a g e o f
th e P A R K (in g ) D a y m o v e m e n t in a w a y t h a t is u n lik e ly to b e o v e r w h e lm e d b y th e
lo c a liz a tio n a n d in d iv id u a liz a tio n o f p a r tic u la r e v e n ts . T h is w o rk s sim ila r ly to a p r o te s t
m a r c h . E v e n if in d iv id u a l p e o p le a r e t h e r e f o r slig h tly d if f e r e n t re a s o n s , th e m a r c h its e lf is a
u n ifie d m e s sa g e . I n th e s a m e w a y , th e a c c u m u la tio n o f in d iv id u a l e v e n ts a s a r c h iv e d
c o m m u n ic a te s as a w h o le . A s R e b a r G r o u p , In c . (2011) e x p la in s :
T h e e v e n t c o n ti n u e s to e x p a n d v ir a lly , o v e r th e I n t e r n e t a n d b y w o r d o f m o u th . S in c e its in c e p tio n in 2 0 0 5 ,
P A R K (in g ) D a y h a s b lo s s o m e d in t o a g lo b a l e x p e r i m e n t in r e m ix in g , r e c la im in g a n d r e p r o g r a m m in g
v e h ic u la r s p a c e fo r so c ia l e x c h a n g e , r e c r e a tio n a n d a rtistic e x p re s s io n , (p. 1)
E v e n as th e P A R K (in g ) D a y m o v e m e n t g ro w s a n d d iv e rsifie s, th e s p a tia l a r g u m e n t r e m a in s
c o n s is te n t b e c a u s e o f its tie s to r e c o n s tr u c tin g p h y s ic a l p a r k in g sp a c e s. T h e s p a tia l m e s s a g e
im p la n ts w ith in it th e im p lic it v e r b a l m e s s a g e -r e im a g in in g u r b a n s p a c e s - b y literally re -im a g in g
u r b a n spac es. T h is e n a b le s a c o n siste n t m e ss a g e a n d th e lo n g e v ity o f th e m o v e m e n t
W h ile th e a r c h iv e e n c o u r a g e s p a r tic ip a n ts to b e c r e a tiv e in th e ir in te r p r e ta tio n o f
P A R K (in g ) D a y , it a lso sets lim its o n h o w p a r tic ip a n ts ta k e u p th e id e a t h r o u g h th e w e b s ite
PARK(ing) Day Manual ( R e b a r G r o u p , In c ., 2 0 1 1 ) a n d th e PARK(ing) Day
Participation License ( R e b a r G r o u p , In c ., 2 0 1 2 d ). T h e P A R K (in g ) a r c h iv e p r o m o te s civ il
a n d its lin k s to th e
e n te r ta in m e n t, h ig h lig h tin g sa fe ty a n d a te m p o r a r y P A R K (in g ) p la c e t h a t d o e s n o t e x te n d
b e y o n d its b o r d e r s . P A R K (in g ) d is r u p ts n o r m a tiv e s p a tia l p r a c tic e s i n p r o d u c tiv e w a y s, b u t
it is e n c lo s e d w ith in th e s p a c e o f th e le g a lly le a s e d p a r k in g sp a c e . T h is is n o r m a l fo r a so c ia l
m o v e m e n t to s e t s o m e p a r a m e te r s o n its m e m b e r s a n d th e ir e n a c tm e n ts . Y e t, it is a lso
n o r m a l fo r th o s e p a r a m e te r s to g e t m e s s y in p r a c tic e , w ith s o m e m e m b e r s c h a lle n g in g a n d
6 W h ile o p e n so u rce o ften refers specifically to free a n d o p e n so u rce so ftw are (FO SS) (e.g., C o le m a n , 2004), th e
te r m h a s b e e n m o re w idely a d o p te d to re f e r to n e w form s o f activism a n d p o litic al p a rtic ip a tio n th a t follow so m e o f
th e b asic te n e ts o f o p e n so u rc e te c h n o lo g y (e.g., C o le m a n & H ill, 2 0 0 4 ; H a ro ld , 2 0 0 7 ; H in d m a n , 2007).
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Figure 5. Screen Shot of U rbanA rch’s 2011 installation in M em phis, T N (h ttp ://v im eo .co m /
29786385: retrieved Ju n e 16, 2013).
highlighting the constraints of the param eters. In identifying som e of the constraints of
PARK(ing) D ay’s archive, we are interested in taking a bro ad er view of the m ovem ent and
identifying both the enabling an d constraining features of the PARK(ing) archive. The
interplay betw een the repertoire of specific installations and this archive constrains some of
the potential for radical transgression within the PARK(ing) m ovem ent. The pow er in
designating tem porarily constructed PARK(ing) installations at the center of the m ovem ent
also acts as a param eter on the argum entative force. Such param eters serve to legitimate the
m ovem ent and yet can lim it the possibility of some types of ruptures to the “m eaning of
particular places” by disallow ing or discouraging certain m eans of argum ent (Endres &
Senda-Cook, 2011, p. 277). PARK(ing) pivots betw een playful subversions and constricting
lim itations to participant creativity. In other w ords, the archive in a b roader social context
discourages certain conceptualizations in o rd er to encourage dissem ination of the centralized
m em e. PARK(ing) works because it sets the param eters in a way that has legitim ated the
m ovem ent, b u t these param eters also minim ize the possibility of certain transgressions of the
parking spot. These param eters include explicitly n o t calling it a protest, the encouragem ent
of lighthearted civility and decorum , and lim iting it to one day.
T he archive discourages using alternate form s of resistance, such as civil disobedience and
protest, in future PARK(ing) installations. Official statem ents eschew the language of protest:
“R em em ber, you are n o t protesting-you’re using your public space to im prove the
quality of life for people!” (Rebar G roup, Inc., 2011, p. 11, bold in original). T he spatial
argum ent, w hether or n o t it is labeled a protest, is still a form of dissent because it challenges
a norm ative set o f spatial practices. T he heuristic of place in protest (Endres & Senda-Cook,
2011) m arks spaces u n d er contestation. R ebar nonetheless defines acceptable form s of
PARK(ing) by discouraging participants from defining the acts as protesting. This concep
tualization o f the event hedges legal ramifications, prom otes the event as an affirming action,
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d e fin e s p r o te s t a s a n e g a tin g r e a c tio n , a n d
E N D R ES, E T AL.
s a n c tio n s c e r ta in m e s s a g e s w h ile p o te n tia lly
d is c o u r a g in g m o r e r a d ic a l tra n s g r e s s io n s o f p la c e w ith in th e m o v e m e n t. T h e r e a r e a lw a y s
o p tio n s o u ts id e o f th e P A R K (in g ) m o v e m e n t to m o r e r a d ic a lly c h a lle n g e s p a tia l p r a c tic e s o r
e n g a g e i n f o r m s o f c iv i l d i s o b e d i e n c e . T h e P A R K ( i n g ) m o v e m e n t a s k s its p a r t i c i p a n t s to
f o l l o w a s e t o f g u i d e l i n e s t h a t w il l e n s u r e t h e d i s s e m i n a t i o n o f t h e p u r p o s e o f t h e m o v e m e n t
a s c o n c e i v e d b y t h e o r g a n iz e r s . T h i s s e t o f g u id e l i n e s p o i n t s t o P A R K ( i n g ) D a y ’s u n i f i e d m e s s a g e ,
w h i c h p l a c e s li m it s o n t h e a r g u m e n t a t i v e c o n t e n t a n d f o r m o f lo c a l i z e d P A R K ( i n g ) in s ta lla tio n s .
A n i n s t a l l a t i o n i n M e m p h i s ( F ig u r e 5 ) i l l u s t r a t e s h o w t h e P A R K ( i n g ) a r c h i v e c a n c o n s t r a i n
a rg u m e n ta tiv e c h o ic e s th r o u g h th e e n c o u r a g e m e n t o f a c c e p ta b le fo rm s. U r b a n A r c h A s s o
c i a t e s u t i l i z e d P A R K ( i n g ) D a y a s a m e a n s t o p r o m o t e l e g i t i m a t e g r a f f it i a r t . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e
n a r r a t e d v i d e o a r c h i v i n g t h e e v e n t , g r a f f iti “ c a n b e a p p r e c i a t e d i n t h e r i g h t f o r u m , ” a n d is
“ a c c e p t a b l e ” w h e n i t “is d o n e l e g a l l y a n d t a s t e f u l l y ” ( U r b a n A r c h , 2 0 1 1 , n . p . ) , o r i n g e n e r a l
w h e n e s c h e w in g g u e rilla -lik e ta c tic s . T h e r e b y , U r b a n A r c h fe d th e m e te r , e r e c te d w o o d e n
c a n v a s e s , a n d g a v e t w o g r a f f iti a r t i s t s its “ p e r m i s s i o n t o e n t e r t a i n , i n s p i r e , a n d p a i n t t h e i r
m a s te r y ” ( U r b a n A r c h A s s o c ia te s , 2 0 1 1 , n .p .) . I n th e s a n c tio n e d s p a c e , o n th is s a n c tio n e d
d a y , t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n a r g u e d t h a t g r a f f it i is a c c e p t a b l e a r t w o r k t h r o u g h t h i s c o n t e x t . T h i s
e x a m p le u tiliz e s th e P A R K (in g ) c o n c e p t to d r a w a re s is tiv e p o litic a l a e s th e tic in to th e r e a lm
o f a c c e p t e d p r a c t i c e . T h i s is a n i m p o r t a n t a n d v a l u a b l e c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e m o v e m e n t . Y e t ,
th in k in g b e y o n d th e m o v e m e n t a n d a b o u t th e a r g u m e n ta tiv e p o s s ib ilitie s fo r c h a lle n g in g
s p a tia l p r a c tic e s , it c o u ld b e a r g u e d th a t a n y m o m e n ta r y re s is ta n c e th r o u g h th is p a r tic u la r
s p a tia l fo r m
is p o t e n t i a l l y l i t t l e m o r e t h a n “ a n i m a g e o f c o n t a i n e d r e v o l t , o f s p e c t a c u l a r
tra n s g re s s io n s c ir c u m s c r ib e d , o f c rim e a s c a rn iv a l, o f re s is ta n c e a n d c h a in s ” ( H e b d ig e , 2 0 0 5 ,
p . 4 0 4 ). S u c h im a g e s lin g e r in th e o n lin e s p a c e , a n d w ith U r b a n A r c h w e s e e th e c e n tr ip e ta l
“f o rc e o f d e c o r u m ” (P e re z & B ro u w e r, 2 0 1 0 , p . 3 1 7 ) t h a t c a n h a v e th e im p lic a tio n o f g lo s s in g
o v e r t h e r a c i a l p o l i t i c s o f g r a f f it i a n d t h e p o l i c i n g o f g r a f f it i a r ti s ts .
T h e g l o b a l e v e n t a ls o i m p o s e s t e m p o r a l p a r a m e t e r s a l o n g w i t h its s p a t i a l l i m i t a t i o n s .
P A R K ( i n g ) D a y is e x p l i c i d y c o d i f i e d a s o n e d a y , l i m i t i n g t h e f r e q u e n c y o f its p h y s i c a l
e n a c tm e n t in te m p o r a r y P A R K (in g ) in s ta lla tio n s (a lth o u g h v is u a l a n d v e r b a l r e p r e s e n ta tio n s
o n th e w e b s ite a re n o t lim ite d to o n e d a y ). W h ile th e r e a re s o m e p r a c tic a l, le g a l r e a s o n s fo r
h o l d i n g o n e P A R K ( i n g ) D a y a y e a r , a n i m p l i c a t i o n o f t h e t e m p o r a l b o u n d a r y is t h a t t h e
e m p la c e d a n d e m b o d ie d in s ta lla tio n s o n ly te m p o r a r ily b u ild c o m m u n ity , d o a s e rv ic e , a n d
th e n d is a p p e a r u n til th e n e x t y e a r. F r a m in g th e e v e n t as a n a n n u a l, c e le b r a to ry e v e n t h a s th e
a d v a n t a g e o f l o c a l l a w e n f o r c e m e n t , c it y o f f ic ia ls , o r n e i g h b o r s s e e i n g i t a s a n a c c e p t a b l e
s a n c tio n e d ta c tic a s o p p o s e d to a c h a o tic , u n p l a n n e d d is r u p tio n . I n r e s p o n s e to th e c o m m o n
q u e s tio n o f w h e th e r o r n o t o rg a n iz e r s c a n u s e th e P A R K (in g ) D a y lo g o o n a d if f e r e n t d a y ,
th e w e b s ite jo k in g ly c o m p a r e s t h a t id e a to c e le b r a tin g m a jo r re lig io u s h o lid a y s in th e w r o n g
m o n th s ( R e b a r G r o u p , In c ., 2 0 1 2 c ). T h e r e f o r e , w h ile th e a r c h iv e e n c o u r a g e s p e o p le to ta k e
u p t h e m e m e i n l o c a l i z e d c o n t e x t s , b y s e t t i n g a p a r a m e t e r o n t h e t i m e o f y e a r , i t a ls o
d is c o u r a g e s m o r e s p o n ta n e o u s s p a tia l a r g u m e n ts t h a t p o te n tia lly r e s p o n d to a s p e c ific lo c a l
k a ir o tic e x ig e n c e t h a t m ig h t o c c u r o n a d if f e r e n t d a y th a n th e s a n c tio n e d P A R K (in g ) D a y .
T h e s e li m it a ti o n s , w h il e p o t e n t i a l l y c o n s t r a i n i n g c e r t a i n ty p e s o f ( m o r e r a d ic a l) s p a ti a l t r a n s
g r e s s i o n w i t h i n t h e P A R K ( i n g ) m o v e m e n t , d o f u r t h e r t h e s t a t e d p u r p o s e o f t h e m o v e m e n t to
c r e a t e a f u n a n d le g a ll y - s a n c t i o n e d w a y to c h a l l e n g e s p a ti a l n o r m s . B y e n g a g i n g i n u n u s u a l
p r a c ti c e s , c r e a t o r s o f P A R K ( i n g ) in s ta ll a ti o n s m a k e s a l i e n t h o w r o u t i n i z e d p r a c t i c e s r e if y u r b a n
p l a c e s / s p a c e s a n d t h e i r m e a n i n g s . T h e b e n e f i t o f s u c h a c ti o n s is t h a t t h e y h a v e t h e p o t e n t i a l to
r e a c h b r o a d a u d i e n c e s . B y c a ll in g o n p a r t i c i p a n t s to r e f r a i n f r o m p r o t e s t o r o t h e r ille g a l a c tio n s ,
t h e P A R K ( i n g ) m o v e m e n t c a n a v o i d n e g a t i v e p u b l i c i t y t h a t w o u l d r e s u l t f r o m m o r e r a d ic a l, a n d
136
PARK(ING) AS SPATIAL ARGUMENT
WINTER 2014
illegal, forms of resistance. Avoiding confrontational, and sometimes illegal, protest strategies also
makes advocacy available to those who would otherwise not participate in social movement
events. Finally, limiting the form of reinterpretations may also discourage distraction from the
core argument of the movement. The movement calls for rethinking urban space with the
creation of temporary parks and constraints on the actions produces more consistent meanings.
In sum, PARK(ing) arguments challenge the normalized meanings of place/space in the
city by disrupting the perceived endurance of parking spots. The challenges are regulated
through the archive, which serves as a centripetal force, centralizing residues of the disrup
tions and both enabling and constraining future participation and spatial arguments. The
continued interaction between the repertoire of live, em placed installations and the archive
of past iterations not only holds the potential to rethink spatial practices beyond the routine,
yearly spatial mem e but also places limits on appropriate forms of argument. This use of
spatial arguments impacts the way we understand resistance and place. As cultural geogra
pher Cresswell (1996) argues: “Place is produced by practice that adheres to (ideological)
beliefs about what is the appropriate thing to do. But place reproduces the beliefs that
produce it in a way that makes them appear natural, self-evident, and commonsense” (p. 16).
As ephemeral and resistive spatial arguments endure online and within the yearly event, they
both challenge com m on usages of space and risk sedementing undesired new norms that
might underm ine some of the goals of the m ovement, such as limiting advocacy temporally
in ways that it has been limited spatially (e.g., a free speech zone), or inspiring new uses that
do not open public space as m uch as create new param eters for how place/space can be used
(e.g., privately-owned public spaces or POPS). Nonetheless, these parameters, along with the
open source nature of the movem ent, also suggest that this yearly spatial m em e enables
im portant challenges to the normalized practices of parking spots that are accessible and
open to a wide range of audiences, especially those who may happen upon a PARK(ing)
installation and take a few minutes to smile and enjoy this tem porary fissure.
C o n c l u s io n
This essay demonstrates that place/space can be an argum ent in itself. As the field of
argum entation continues to grapple with the implications of visual and em bodied forms of
argument, spatial argum ent offers another fruitful vantage point from which to describe and
analyze forms of non-verbal argument. Further, our analysis specifically focuses on resistive
spatial arguments with implications for the study of social movements. Even though PARK(ing) discourages organizers from conceptualizing w hat they are doing as “protest,” it still
makes a spatial argum ent that challenges the dom inant m eaning of place/space in order to
suggest alternative ways of conceiving of, utilizing, and producing place/space. In other
words, repurposing place in the way that PARK(ing) does presents an argum ent for an
alternative use of public space. PARK(ing) challenges the meaning and use of places by
rem aking those places. In this sense, it is a place in protest (Endres & Senda-Cook, 2011), a
dissenting perspective on the normalized m eaning of parking spaces.
PARK(ing), as a spatial argument, moves simultaneously between the concepts of ephemerality and endurance, or between the repertoire of emplaced installations and the archive of
documented examples. O ur example illustrates the continuum of ephemerality and endurance
that is common in social movement advocacy. Creating a physical, yet ephemeral, installation,
PARK(ing) Day emphasizes the fluidity of physical places, countering generalized notions of the
enduring practices of those places. Moreover, the online archive creates a more enduring
1 3 7
A
R
G
U
M
E
N
T
r e p o s i t o r y
t h e
o f
T
P A
K
i m
p o s e d
p h y s i c a l
t h e
a r e
f o r
s u c h
a
a s
t h a t
T
D
a y .
d i s s e m
c h a n g e .
h i c h
T
o n
R
K
e v e n t s
R
K
D
a g i n e
a u d i e n c e
t h e i r
s p o t ,
P A
t o
c l a i m
e w
Y
R
e m
K
e d ,
“ I n
c o n v e r t
m
7 T h e
p u b l i c ,
p a r k
a t
a l l
B
b e
t o
a
w
e n t
i n g
i n g ,
n u m
6 ) ,
2 0 1 1 ) ,
e x a m
f r o m
a n d
p e r m
p l e
i s
o f
t h e
o n e
e b a r
i t ,
m
L
B
p a r k l e t s
o r e
P A
e
c o m
R K
p r i v a t i z e d
u s e
t o
a n e n t
t h e m
e a c h ,
D
a y
t h e
m
C
,
s
t h a n
t h e
a n o t h e r .
a
L .
t o
e n t ’s
s p a c e
o f
l o n g s t a n d i n g
c o m
w
s
a
h i c h
I n s t e a d
P A
a s
R
f o r c e
w
K
a n
o f
s p a c e
e n t a t i v e
a c t i o n
i l a r
o f
p h y s i c a l
s h a r e d
a c t s
s i m
n e w
b i n a t i o n
b e y o n d
t h e y
o f
e t e r s
l o n g s t a n d i n g
f o r
o r
b e
e n t s
p a r a m
“ c l a i m
a r g u m
o r
m
a y s .
( i n g )
a r c h i v e
o n
c l i m
l e n s
a t e
t h r o u g h
o r g a n i z a t i o n a l
s p a t i a l
o v e m
p l a c e
w
o f
t o
a r g u m
m
p l a n n i n g
l e g a l
t o
m
r e s u l t
t o
e n t s ,
R
e b a r ’s
P A
R
S t a t e s , i n c l u d i n g
( V
i n
i v e s ,
t o
V
a n e n t p a r k s
f o r
i n
t h a t ,
p a t r o n s
i n
w
L a r g e l y
K
t o
m
o f
a s
a
t h e
f e s t i v a l
p e o p l e
t o
i n v i t e s
e l s e
w
i t h
S a n
B
o t h e r
h e n c e ,
D
a y
( 2 0 1 1 )
e f f o r ts .
F r a n c i s c o
a n d
( p .
C
b y
p a r k i n g
a r e
n o t
T
h e s e
o l u m
s u p p o r t e d
p a r k l e ts
a n d
c i t iz e n s
1 5 ) .
r i ti s h
i n d e e d ,
p a r k i n g
a n u a l
( i n g )
o n c e - p r i v a t e
h i le
o n l y :
a s s
s u c h
a l i z e d
p u b l i c ”
a n c o u v e r ,
2 0 1 2 ) .
e n t .
l t h o u g h
o r g a n i z a t i o n s
t h e
m
e t h i n g
n o r m
e r c h a n t s ,
o p e n
t h e
u n i c a t i o n
s o m
e n t
a r g u m
v e n t s
A
a d d e d
o v e m
.
f o r
i n g
a n
a k i n
m
n i t e d
m
E
m
i n v i t i n g
c o m
t h e
o f
h a v e
s e e
o r e
d o
t o
a k e
h a l t .
r e a l m
p l a n n i n g .
a
m
e a n i n g .
is
e n t
e n t s
S o c i a l
c a n
i l l
a p p r o a c h
o v e m
b e
o t h e r s ,
a r e
o v e m
a r g u m
h e
p r o d u c t i v e
c h a l l e n g e s
f o r m
p e r m
a e s t h e t i c
m
p l a z a s ,
a r e
a l i f o r n i a
o r e
a
T
p u b l i c
e b s i t e
c r e a t e d
u r b a n
U
i n
s o c i e t i e s .
k i n d
t h e
c a n
i t p r o g r a m
p e r m
a r e
i n
c h a n g e ”
a r o u n d
p l i c a t e d
( i n g )
e r e
o f
e n d u r i n g
c h a n g e s
p e r m
t o
w
e n t
o n l o o k e r s
o r o u s
s o c i a l
t h e y
a n d
a n e n t
c a ll s
o n g
i f
t h a t
h u m
o f
A
r e p e r t o i r e
a y ’s
h e
o f
s o c i a l
o f
e a n i n g
b o u n d a r i e s
o f c i t i e s
s p a c e s
R
o r
m
m
p h y s i c a l
e n t
T
c a l l
i s
c h a n g e
d i f f e r e n t
o d e
e v e n
s o m
c r e a t e d
a s
m
e r a l
“ p e r m
b e r
h a v e
i r o n i c
h i s
t h e
e p h e m
t h a t
p a r k i n g
t h e
T
w
e n t ,
p o r a r y
t o
s o
t h e
T
e n d u r a n c e
d i f f e r e n t l y .
s
b u s i n e s s - a s - u s u a l
a
s t r e e t ,
h a t
i t h i n
i n f l u e n c e d
a l s o
g r o w
s h i f t
o r k
h a s
a p p r o p r i a t i o n s
b u t
e w
a
4 9 ) .
a r c h i v e ,
o p e r a t i o n
t h a t
c r e a t e
i n
p a r t i c i p a n t s ,
w
a g e n c i e s
e a c h
s o m
c o n t e m
t o g e t h e r
s o
E
e n t s .
p t i n g
a l
S ,
l o n g e v i t y
a n d
D
c r e a t e
t h a t
o v e m
t h e
o v e m
a d v o c a c y
r a t h e r
m
a r g u m
h o w
d
t o
b o t h
t h a t p a y
L o n g
t h e s e
t o
F i g u r e
( K
t r y
c r e a t i n g
e t e r e d
( s e e
P h i l a d e l p h i a
b u s i n e s s e s
a
c i t y
c r o w
a
E
i n g
s p a t i a l
p l a c e s
t o
t h e
e n t s
R
( i n g )
i n
( i n g )
m
a r g u m
a n d
b u t
o f
K
f o r m
h e r e i n
K
a r c h i v e
( p .
s e e
c e n t r a l i z e d
n o r m
b u i l d i n g
w
e n t s
s p o n t a n e o u s ,
a r g u m
e n t s
a t t e m
t h e
r e l a t i o n s h i p s .
a n n o u n c e m
o r k ,
a
o d e l
v e r b a l
f o r
h a p p e n s
t a k e
t e n d s
t o
o r
s t il l
a n d
o r
o f
a
e n a c t m
p h a s i z e
p e o p l e
m
R
t h e
R
”
p l a c e
e n t s
r e s o l v e d ,
e e n
t o
P A
s e e m
e n t a t i o n .
t h e
a l t e r n a t e
a r g u m
i l a r
b e
b e t w
e m
c o n t r a s t ,
h e y
n o t
e
o f P A
s p a t i a l
r a d i c a l ,
e n t
s i m
r e p e r t o i r e
s t r e e t
p l a c e
b e r s
( i n g )
a n
“ p a r k l e t s ”
T
a n d
a d d i t i o n
i n c l u d e s
N
m
a l s o
s o m
o r e
p l a c e - b a s e d
e n t s ,
d i s r u p t i o n
b y
o f
p l a c e s
d a y ,
I n
a
a
e n t a t i v e
a r g u m
p r o t e s t s ,
a y ,
c e l e b r a t i o n .
r e i m
a
s
i n t e r p l a y
m
o v e m
n e e d
a r g u m
t h e i r
o n
b l o c k i n g
r e c o n s t r u c t i o n
I t
t o
r e l y
( i n g )
t h e
i n s t a l l a t i o n s
c o n v e n t i o n a l
P A
t h a t
b o d i l y
t a c t i c s
o f t e n
s u p p o r t ,
o r
t e n s i o n
i n
h o w
d o c u m
r e a l m
f o r
D
s p a c e ) .
a r k e d ,
s e l v e s
l o o k i n g
c o n s t r a i n s
l o c a l i z e d
r e m
a r t i s t i c
t h e m
a r e
s
t h e i r
o v e r a r c h i n g
t h e y
m
f o l l o w
a n d
s h o w
N
p r o v i d i n g
t h e
h e
b i n e d
u r b a n
s u c c e s s
( 2 0 1 0 )
T
a r g u m
c o m
t o
a n d
o f t h e
t r a i n i n g
a l s o
s o c i a l
f o r
a n
p r a c t i c e s
p l e ,
f u t u r e
a r e
t h e
t h u s
a b o u t
s p a c e s .
s p a t i a l
,
r e p e r t o i r e
s o c i a l
c a r s ,
p o r a r y
b e l o w
c h a n g e s
e r k e r
t h e
i n s t a l l a t i o n s ,
p e r c e p t i o n s
o n l i n e
i t e r a t i o n s
p a r t
M
c r e a t e
t h e i r
t e m
t h e
a r e
s
o n
o f
d i s c u s s
p a s t
A
m
d u r a b l e
e n t s
f o r
t h e
i ll
a n d
i t h
p o r a r y
e r a l i t y
a n d
w
o r e
s p a c e .
t o
h u b
e n t s ,
( i n g )
a d d i t i o n a l
I n
t h e
a r g u m
P A
a
w
a r c h i v e
e x a m
e
m
a r g u m
o n
u n d e r s t a n d
s t r u c t u r e ,
v i s u a l
f o r
is
e
w
a r c h i v e
s p a t i a l
m
e p h e m
s p a c e ,
p e o p l e
t h e
i n a t i o n
h i s
t o
e t ,
c o m
3 5 0 . o r g ,
a n d
w
Y
t e m
c o m
a s
s o m
p a r k
E
i n a t e s
r e p e r t o i r e
a n d
Y
c h a l l e n g e s
i n g
t e r r i t o r y
t o
C
d i s s e m
o n l i n e
i n
A
t h i s
u r b a n
t h e
is
C
s e e m
t h e
c h a l l e n g e
t e n s i o n
a n d
s p a t i a l
p l a c e
p a r k .
O
c o n v e r s a t i o n
a n d
c o u l d
h i s
e e n
i n
c u l t u r a l
a
V
( a lt h o u g h
c h a n g i n g
l o o k i n g
D
t h e
t h e
r e t h i n k
a r c h i v e
p l a c e s
i n
d a y
f u t u r e
a n d
A
e n t s
a n d
b e t w
t o
D
r e s u l t e d
a r e
o n
c h a l l e n g e
a
h a s
( i n g )
N
I n t e r e s t i n g l y ,
e n d u r e
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Refer
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